presume Who acts: something, it, you, I, sailors, We · What happens: think, be, seem, treat, prove, do · To what, where: something, it, right, me, on/upon, unfair advantage · Speech: someone speaks here
«presume» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: presume in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To think something is true without being sure, because it seems likely.
mark nsubj cop ccomp mark cop advcl punct mark nsubj conj xcomp punct root To PART think VERB something PRON is AUX true ADJ without SCONJ being AUX sure ADJ , PUNCT because SCONJ it PRON seems VERB likely ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 think mark 2 think think VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 5 true nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 true cop 5 true true ADJ Degree=Pos 2 think ccomp 6 without without SCONJ _ 8 sure mark 7 being be AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 8 sure cop 8 sure sure ADJ Degree=Pos 5 true advcl 9 , , PUNCT _ 12 seems punct 10 because because SCONJ _ 12 seems mark 11 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 seems nsubj 12 seems seem VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 true conj 13 likely likely ADJ Degree=Pos 12 seems xcomp 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 think punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 think speech: other to-infinitive vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 is present something true property tree rules 3 is gerund something not said here sure property tree rules 4 seem present it likely property vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.
To treat something as true until it is proved wrong: «innocent until proved guilty».
The tree, 14 words mark obj case obl mark nsubj:pass aux:pass advcl xcomp punct punct conj case amod obl punct punct root To PART treat VERB something PRON as ADP true ADJ until SCONJ it PRON is AUX proved VERB wrong ADJ : PUNCT « PUNCT innocent ADJ until ADP proved VERB guilty ADJ » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 treat mark 2 treat treat VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 treat obj 4 as as ADP _ 5 true case 5 true true ADJ Degree=Pos 2 treat obl 6 until until SCONJ _ 9 proved mark 7 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 proved nsubj:pass 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 proved aux:pass 9 proved prove VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 treat advcl 10 wrong wrong ADJ Degree=Pos 9 proved xcomp 11 : : PUNCT _ 13 innocent punct 12 « « PUNCT _ 13 innocent punct 13 innocent innocent ADJ Degree=Pos 2 treat conj 14 until until ADP _ 16 guilty case 15 proved prove VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 16 guilty amod 16 guilty guilty ADJ Degree=Pos 13 innocent obl 17 » » PUNCT _ 13 innocent punct 18 . . PUNCT _ 2 treat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 treat to-infinitive something as true vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent something=Theme as true=Attribute 2 prove present · passive it wrong property vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme 3 prove in a quote participle vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent
Meaning 3 Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.
To be bold or rude enough to do something you have no right to do: «Don't presume to tell me what to do.».
The tree, 24 words mark cop cc conj advmod mark advcl obj nsubj acl:relcl det obj mark acl punct punct aux advmod parataxis mark xcomp iobj obj mark ccomp punct punct punct root To PART be AUX bold ADJ or CCONJ rude ADJ enough ADV to PART do VERB something PRON you PRON have VERB no DET right NOUN to PART do VERB : PUNCT « PUNCT Do AUX n't PART presume VERB to PART tell VERB me PRON what PRON to PART do VERB . PUNCT » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 3 bold mark 2 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 3 bold cop 3 bold bold ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 or or CCONJ _ 5 rude cc 5 rude rude ADJ Degree=Pos 3 bold conj 6 enough enough ADV _ 3 bold advmod 7 to to PART _ 8 do mark 8 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 bold advcl 9 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 8 do obj 10 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 11 have nsubj 11 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 something acl:relcl 12 no no DET PronType=Neg 13 right det 13 right right NOUN Number=Sing 11 have obj 14 to to PART _ 15 do mark 15 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 13 right acl 16 : : PUNCT _ 20 presume punct 17 « « PUNCT _ 20 presume punct 18 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 20 presume aux 19 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 20 presume advmod 20 presume presume VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 9 something parataxis 21 to to PART _ 22 tell mark 22 tell tell VERB VerbForm=Inf 20 presume xcomp 23 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 22 tell iobj 24 what what PRON PronType=Int 26 do obj 25 to to PART _ 26 do mark 26 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 22 tell ccomp 27 . . PUNCT _ 20 presume punct 28 » » PUNCT _ 20 presume punct 29 . . PUNCT _ 3 bold punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is to-infinitive bold, enough property tree rules 2 be tree rules 3 do to-infinitive something vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality 4 have present you no right vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent right=Patient 5 do to-infinitive you not said here no right not said here vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 6 not presume in a quote infinitive · do-support vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 7 tell speech: assert in a quote to-infinitive me vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent i=Recipient clause=Topic 8 do not said to happen, in a quote to-infinitive vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality
Meaning 4 presume on/upon To take unfair advantage of someone's kindness.
obj mark csubj amod obj case nmod:poss case nmod punct root presume VERB on/upon NOUN To PART take VERB unfair ADJ advantage NOUN of ADP someone PRON 's PART kindness NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 presume presume VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 2 on/upon on/upon NOUN Number=Sing 1 presume obj 3 To to PART _ 4 take mark 4 take take VERB VerbForm=Inf 1 presume csubj 5 unfair unfair ADJ Degree=Pos 6 advantage amod 6 advantage advantage NOUN Number=Sing 4 take obj 7 of of ADP _ 10 kindness case 8 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 10 kindness nmod:poss 9 's 's PART _ 8 someone case 10 kindness kindness NOUN Number=Sing 6 advantage nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 1 presume punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 presume imperative you not said here on/upon vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent on/upon=Theme 2 take to-infinitive unfair advantage of someone's kindness vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent advantage=Theme
Example 1 I presume you're hungry after the long walk.
nsubj nsubj cop ccomp case det amod obl punct root I PRON presume VERB you PRON 're AUX hungry ADJ after ADP the DET long ADJ walk NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 presume nsubj 2 presume presume VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 3 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 5 hungry nsubj 4 're be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 hungry cop 5 hungry hungry ADJ Degree=Pos 2 presume ccomp 6 after after ADP _ 9 walk case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 walk det 8 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 9 walk amod 9 walk walk NOUN Number=Sing 5 hungry obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 presume punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 presume infinitive I vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 2 is present you after the long walk hungry property tree rules
Example 2 The sailors were presumed lost at sea, but they came home.
det nsubj aux:pass xcomp case obl punct cc nsubj conj advmod punct root The DET sailors NOUN were AUX presumed VERB lost VERB at ADP sea NOUN , PUNCT but CCONJ they PRON came VERB home ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 sailors det 2 sailors sailor NOUN Number=Plur 4 presumed nsubj 3 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 presumed aux:pass 4 presumed presume VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 lost lose VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 presumed xcomp 6 at at ADP _ 7 sea case 7 sea sea NOUN Number=Sing 5 lost obl 8 , , PUNCT _ 11 came punct 9 but but CCONJ _ 11 came cc 10 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 came nsubj 11 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 presumed conj 12 home home ADV _ 11 came advmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 presumed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 presume past · passive the sailors tree rules 2 lose participle sea vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V PP.eventuality S_ING»: agent=Agent at sea=Eventuality 3 come past sailors = sailor home property vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 3 In court, everyone is presumed innocent until proved guilty.
case obl punct nsubj aux:pass xcomp mark advcl xcomp punct root In ADP court NOUN , PUNCT everyone PRON is AUX presumed VERB innocent ADJ until SCONJ proved VERB guilty ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 court case 2 court court NOUN Number=Sing 6 presumed obl 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 court punct 4 everyone everyone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Tot 6 presumed nsubj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 presumed aux:pass 6 presumed presume VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 7 innocent innocent ADJ Degree=Pos 6 presumed xcomp 8 until until SCONJ _ 9 proved mark 9 proved prove VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 presumed advcl 10 guilty guilty ADJ Degree=Pos 9 proved xcomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 presumed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 presume present · passive everyone court innocent property vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme 2 prove participle guilty property vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent
Example 4 Don't presume to boss me around!
aux advmod mark xcomp obj advmod punct root Do AUX n't PART presume VERB to PART boss VERB me PRON around ADV ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 presume aux 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 3 presume advmod 3 presume presume VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 boss mark 5 boss boss VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 presume xcomp 6 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 5 boss obj 7 around around ADV _ 5 boss advmod 8 ! ! PUNCT _ 3 presume punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not presume imperative · do-support you not said here vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 boss around to-infinitive you not said here me around property vn captain-29.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Beneficiary
Example 5 We presumed the shop was open, but it was shut.
nsubj det nsubj cop ccomp punct cc nsubj cop parataxis punct root We PRON presumed VERB the DET shop NOUN was AUX open ADJ , PUNCT but CCONJ it PRON was AUX shut ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 presumed nsubj 2 presumed presume VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 shop det 4 shop shop NOUN Number=Sing 6 open nsubj 5 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 open cop 6 open open ADJ Degree=Pos 2 presumed ccomp 7 , , PUNCT _ 11 shut punct 8 but but CCONJ _ 11 shut cc 9 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 shut nsubj 10 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 11 shut cop 11 shut shut ADJ Degree=Pos 2 presumed parataxis 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 presumed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 presume past We vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 2 is past the shop open property tree rules 3 is past shop shut property tree rules
Example 6 "You're the new girl, I presume?" said the teacher.
The tree, 10 words punct nsubj cop det amod nsubj punct nsubj parataxis punct punct det nsubj punct root " PUNCT You PRON 're AUX the DET new ADJ girl NOUN , PUNCT I PRON presume VERB ? PUNCT " PUNCT said VERB the DET teacher NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 6 girl punct 2 You you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 6 girl nsubj 3 're be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 girl cop 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 girl det 5 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 6 girl amod 6 girl girl NOUN Number=Sing 12 said nsubj 7 , , PUNCT _ 9 presume punct 8 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 9 presume nsubj 9 presume presume VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 girl parataxis 10 ? ? PUNCT _ 9 presume punct 11 " " PUNCT _ 9 presume punct 12 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 teacher det 14 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 12 said nsubj 15 . . PUNCT _ 12 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a in a quote present You the new girl tree rules 2 presume in a quote infinitive the teacher = teacher vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 3 say speech: ask past the teacher vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
Example 7 She never presumed on her friends' kindness.
nsubj:pass advmod case nmod:poss nmod:poss case obl punct root She PRON never ADV presumed VERB on ADP her PRON friends NOUN ' PART kindness NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 presumed nsubj:pass 2 never never ADV PronType=Neg 3 presumed advmod 3 presumed presume VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 on on ADP _ 8 kindness case 5 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 friends nmod:poss 6 friends friend NOUN Number=Plur 8 kindness nmod:poss 7 ' 's PART _ 6 friends case 8 kindness kindness NOUN Number=Sing 3 presumed obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 presumed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not presume participle · passive She her friends's kindness vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
Example 8 We presume this from the interest, which came to twenty dollars.
nsubj obj case det obl punct nsubj acl:relcl case nummod obl punct root We PRON presume VERB this PRON from ADP the DET interest NOUN , PUNCT which PRON came VERB to ADP twenty NUM dollars NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 presume nsubj 2 presume presume VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 3 this this PRON Number=Sing PronType=Dem 2 presume obj 4 from from ADP _ 6 interest case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 interest det 6 interest interest NOUN Number=Sing 2 presume obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 9 came punct 8 which which PRON PronType=Rel 9 came nsubj 9 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 interest acl:relcl 10 to to ADP _ 12 dollars case 11 twenty twenty NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 12 dollars nummod 12 dollars dollar NOUN Number=Plur 9 came obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 presume punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 presume infinitive We this the interest vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent this=Theme 2 come past the interest twenty dollars vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to dollar=Initial_Location
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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