presumption Who acts: you, Something, he, idea, Rude confident behaviour, it · What happens: believe, be, treat, prove, presume, do · To what, where: home, presumption, innocence, something, right, chair
«presumption» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: presumption in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Something you believe is true without proof: «the presumption that he was at home».
The tree, 14 words nsubj nsubj acl:relcl cop case obl punct punct det parataxis mark nsubj cop case advcl punct punct root Something PRON you PRON believe VERB is AUX true ADJ without ADP proof NOUN : PUNCT « PUNCT the DET presumption NOUN that SCONJ he PRON was AUX at ADP home NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 5 true nsubj 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 believe nsubj 3 believe believe VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Something acl:relcl 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 true cop 5 true true ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 without without ADP _ 7 proof case 7 proof proof NOUN Number=Sing 5 true obl 8 : : PUNCT _ 11 presumption punct 9 « « PUNCT _ 11 presumption punct 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 presumption det 11 presumption presumption NOUN Number=Sing 5 true parataxis 12 that that SCONJ _ 16 home mark 13 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 16 home nsubj 14 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 16 home cop 15 at at ADP _ 16 home case 16 home home NOUN Number=Sing 11 presumption advcl 17 » » PUNCT _ 11 presumption punct 18 . . PUNCT _ 5 true punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 believe present you vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer 2 is present Something without proof; true property tree rules 3 is in a quote past he home tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.
An idea a court treats as true until proved otherwise: «the presumption of innocence».
The tree, 14 words det nsubj det nsubj case xcomp mark advcl advmod punct punct det obl case nmod punct punct root An DET idea NOUN a DET court NOUN treats VERB as ADP true ADJ until SCONJ proved VERB otherwise ADV : PUNCT « PUNCT the DET presumption NOUN of ADP innocence NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 An a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 idea det 2 idea idea NOUN Number=Sing 5 treats nsubj 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 court det 4 court court NOUN Number=Sing 5 treats nsubj 5 treats treat VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 as as ADP _ 7 true case 7 true true ADJ Degree=Pos 5 treats xcomp 8 until until SCONJ _ 9 proved mark 9 proved prove VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 true advcl 10 otherwise otherwise ADV _ 9 proved advmod 11 : : PUNCT _ 14 presumption punct 12 « « PUNCT _ 14 presumption punct 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 presumption det 14 presumption presumption NOUN Number=Sing 5 treats obl 15 of of ADP _ 16 innocence case 16 innocence innocence NOUN Number=Sing 14 presumption nmod 17 » » PUNCT _ 14 presumption punct 18 . . PUNCT _ 5 treats punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 treat present a idea the presumption of innocence true property vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent 2 prove participle a idea not said here otherwise property vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent 3 presume in a quote innocence nom presumption «cognition transitive»: of=patient
Meaning 3 Rude, too-confident behaviour, doing something you have no right to do: «What presumption, to sit in the head's chair!».
The tree, 21 words amod punct advmod punct amod punct acl obj nsubj acl:relcl det obj mark acl punct punct det conj punct mark appos case det nmod:poss case obl punct punct punct root Rude ADJ , PUNCT too ADV - PUNCT confident ADJ behaviour NOUN , PUNCT doing VERB something PRON you PRON have VERB no DET right NOUN to PART do VERB : PUNCT « PUNCT What DET presumption NOUN , PUNCT to PART sit VERB in ADP the DET head NOUN 's PART chair NOUN ! PUNCT » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Rude rude ADJ Degree=Pos 6 behaviour amod 2 , , PUNCT _ 1 Rude punct 3 too too ADV _ 5 confident advmod 4 - - PUNCT _ 3 too punct 5 confident confident ADJ Degree=Pos 6 behaviour amod 6 behaviour behaviour NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 , , PUNCT _ 8 doing punct 8 doing do VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 behaviour acl 9 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 8 doing obj 10 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 11 have nsubj 11 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 something acl:relcl 12 no no DET PronType=Neg 13 right det 13 right right NOUN Number=Sing 11 have obj 14 to to PART _ 15 do mark 15 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 13 right acl 16 : : PUNCT _ 19 presumption punct 17 « « PUNCT _ 19 presumption punct 18 What what DET PronType=Int 19 presumption det 19 presumption presumption NOUN Number=Sing 6 behaviour conj 20 , , PUNCT _ 22 sit punct 21 to to PART _ 22 sit mark 22 sit sit VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 19 presumption appos 23 in in ADP _ 27 chair case 24 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 25 head det 25 head head NOUN Number=Sing 27 chair nmod:poss 26 's 's PART _ 25 head case 27 chair chair NOUN Number=Sing 22 sit obl 28 ! ! PUNCT _ 22 sit punct 29 » » PUNCT _ 22 sit punct 30 . . PUNCT _ 6 behaviour punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 do gerund Rude confident behaviour and what presumption not said here something vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality 2 have present you no right vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent right=Patient 3 do to-infinitive you not said here no right not said here vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 sit in a quote to-infinitive the head's chair vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in chair=Location
Example 1 Our plan was based on the presumption that it would not rain.
nmod:poss nsubj:pass aux:pass case det obl mark nsubj aux advmod nmod punct root Our PRON plan NOUN was AUX based VERB on ADP the DET presumption NOUN that SCONJ it PRON would AUX not PART rain NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 plan nmod:poss 2 plan plan NOUN Number=Sing 4 based nsubj:pass 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 based aux:pass 4 based base VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 on on ADP _ 7 presumption case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 presumption det 7 presumption presumption NOUN Number=Sing 4 based obl 8 that that SCONJ _ 12 rain mark 9 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 rain nsubj 10 would would AUX VerbForm=Fin 12 rain aux 11 not not PART Polarity=Neg 12 rain advmod 12 rain rain NOUN Number=Sing 7 presumption nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 based punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 base past · passive Our plan the presumption vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme on presumption=Source 2 not rain would it tree rules 3 plan Our nom plan «cognition transitive»: poss=agent
Example 2 In court there is a presumption of innocence.
case obl expl det nsubj case nmod punct root In ADP court NOUN there PRON is VERB a DET presumption NOUN of ADP innocence NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 court case 2 court court NOUN Number=Sing 4 is obl 3 there there PRON PronType=Dem 4 is expl 4 is be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 presumption det 6 presumption presumption NOUN Number=Sing 4 is nsubj 7 of of ADP _ 8 innocence case 8 innocence innocence NOUN Number=Sing 6 presumption nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 is punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be present a presumption of innocence court; there vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in court=Location 2 presume innocence nom presumption «cognition transitive»: of=patient
Example 3 The presumption that all spiders are dangerous is wrong.
det nsubj nsubj det nsubj cop acl:relcl cop punct root The DET presumption NOUN that PRON all DET spiders NOUN are AUX dangerous ADJ is AUX wrong ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 presumption det 2 presumption presumption NOUN Number=Sing 9 wrong nsubj 3 that that PRON PronType=Rel 7 dangerous nsubj 4 all all DET PronType=Tot 5 spiders det 5 spiders spider NOUN Number=Plur 7 dangerous nsubj 6 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 dangerous cop 7 dangerous dangerous ADJ Degree=Pos 2 presumption acl:relcl 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 wrong cop 9 wrong wrong ADJ Degree=Pos root root 10 . . PUNCT _ 9 wrong punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present the presumption dangerous property tree rules 2 is present the presumption wrong property tree rules
Example 4 She acted on the presumption that her friend had the tickets.
nsubj case det obl mark nmod:poss nsubj advcl det obj punct root She PRON acted VERB on ADP the DET presumption NOUN that SCONJ her PRON friend NOUN had VERB the DET tickets NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 acted nsubj 2 acted act VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 on on ADP _ 5 presumption case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 presumption det 5 presumption presumption NOUN Number=Sing 2 acted obl 6 that that SCONJ _ 9 had mark 7 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 friend nmod:poss 8 friend friend NOUN Number=Sing 9 had nsubj 9 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 acted advcl 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 tickets det 11 tickets ticket NOUN Number=Plur 9 had obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 acted punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 act past She the presumption vn act-114-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on presumption=Eventuality 2 have past her friend the tickets vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ticket=Patient
Example 5 His presumption in reading my diary made me cross.
nmod:poss nsubj mark acl nmod:poss obj obj xcomp punct root His PRON presumption NOUN in SCONJ reading VERB my PRON diary NOUN made VERB me PRON cross VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 His his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 presumption nmod:poss 2 presumption presumption NOUN Number=Sing 7 made nsubj 3 in in SCONJ _ 4 reading mark 4 reading read VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 presumption acl 5 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 diary nmod:poss 6 diary diary NOUN Number=Sing 4 reading obj 7 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 7 made obj 9 cross cross VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 made xcomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 7 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 read gerund His presumption not said here my diary vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent diary=Topic 2 make past His presumption me tree rules 3 cross infinitive me not said here vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 4 presume His = he nom presumption «cognition transitive»: poss=agent
Example 6 That was a reasonable presumption, but it turned out false.
nsubj cop det amod punct cc nsubj acl:relcl compound:prt xcomp punct root That PRON was AUX a DET reasonable ADJ presumption NOUN , PUNCT but CCONJ it PRON turned VERB out ADP false ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 That that PRON Number=Sing PronType=Dem 5 presumption nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 presumption cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 presumption det 4 reasonable reasonable ADJ Degree=Pos 5 presumption amod 5 presumption presumption NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 , , PUNCT _ 9 turned punct 7 but but CCONJ _ 9 turned cc 8 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 turned nsubj 9 turned turn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 presumption acl:relcl 10 out out ADP _ 9 turned compound:prt 11 false false ADJ Degree=Pos 9 turned xcomp 12 . . PUNCT _ 5 presumption punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past That a reasonable presumption tree rules 2 turn out past presumption a reasonable presumption not said here false property vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location presumption=Theme
Example 7 Scientists test presumptions with experiments.
nsubj obj case obl punct root Scientists NOUN test VERB presumptions NOUN with ADP experiments NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scientists scientist NOUN Number=Plur 2 test nsubj 2 test test VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 presumptions presumption NOUN Number=Plur 2 test obj 4 with with ADP _ 5 experiments case 5 experiments experiment NOUN Number=Plur 2 test obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 test punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 test present Scientists presumptions with experiments vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent presumption=Theme
Example 8 ‘Oh!’ he implored, ‘pardon my presumption; necessity alone drove me to the deed.
The tree, 13 words punct discourse punct punct nsubj punct punct conj nmod:poss obj punct nsubj advmod conj obj case det obl punct root ‘ PUNCT Oh INTJ ! PUNCT ’ PUNCT he PRON implored VERB , PUNCT ‘ PUNCT pardon VERB my PRON presumption NOUN ; PUNCT necessity NOUN alone ADV drove VERB me PRON to ADP the DET deed NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ‘ ' PUNCT _ 6 implored punct 2 Oh oh INTJ _ 6 implored discourse 3 ! ! PUNCT _ 2 Oh punct 4 ’ ' PUNCT _ 2 Oh punct 5 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 implored nsubj 6 implored implore VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 , , PUNCT _ 9 pardon punct 8 ‘ ' PUNCT _ 9 pardon punct 9 pardon pardon VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 implored conj 10 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 11 presumption nmod:poss 11 presumption presumption NOUN Number=Sing 9 pardon obj 12 ; ; PUNCT _ 15 drove punct 13 necessity necessity NOUN Number=Sing 15 drove nsubj 14 alone alone ADV _ 13 necessity advmod 15 drove drive VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 implored conj 16 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 15 drove obj 17 to to ADP _ 19 deed case 18 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 19 deed det 19 deed deed NOUN Number=Sing 15 drove obl 20 . . PUNCT _ 6 implored punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 implore past he vn urge-58.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 2 pardon infinitive he not said here my presumption vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent presumption=Theme 3 drive past necessity me the deed vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent i=Theme to deed=Trajectory 4 presume my nom presumption «cognition transitive»: poss=agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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