puffball

Who acts: round fungus, fungus, I, brown cloud, We, Puffballs · What happens: burst, puff out, be, cloud, step, come out · To what, where: cloud, spores, puffball, giant puffball, field, wind

«puffball» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: puffball in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

A round fungus (mushroom) without a cap or stalk, white or brown, that bursts and puffs out a cloud of spores like dust when it is old.

The tree, 27 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 fungus	det
2	round	round	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 fungus	amod
3	fungus	fungus	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 bursts	nsubj
4	(	(	PUNCT	_	5 mushroom	punct
5	mushroom	mushroom	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 fungus	appos
6	)	)	PUNCT	_	5 mushroom	punct
7	without	without	ADP	_	9 cap	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 cap	det
9	cap	cap	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 fungus	nmod
10	or	or	CCONJ	_	11 stalk	cc
11	stalk	stalk	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 cap	conj
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 white	punct
13	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 stalk	amod
14	or	or	CCONJ	_	15 brown	cc
15	brown	brown	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 white	conj
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 bursts	punct
17	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	18 bursts	nsubj
18	bursts	burst	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
19	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 puffs	cc
20	puffs	puff	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 bursts	conj
21	out	out	ADP	_	20 puffs	compound:prt
22	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	23 cloud	det
23	cloud	cloud	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 puffs	obj
24	of	of	ADP	_	25 spores	case
25	spores	spore	NOUN	Number=Plur	23 cloud	nmod
26	like	like	ADP	_	27 dust	case
27	dust	dust	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 spores	nmod
28	when	when	SCONJ	_	31 old	mark
29	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	31 old	nsubj
30	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	31 old	cop
31	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	20 puffs	advcl
32	.	.	PUNCT	_	18 bursts	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	burst	present	a round fungus without a cap or stalk			vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	puff out	present	a round fungus without a cap or stalk not said here	a cloud of spores like dust		vn substance_emission-43.4-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location cloud=Source
3	is	present	fungus		old property	tree rules
4	cloud			spores like dust		nom cloud «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Anything round, soft and fluffy, like a dandelion clock or a fluffy chick (informal).

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Anything	anything	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	root	root
2	round	round	ADV	_	1 Anything	advmod
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 soft	punct
4	soft	soft	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Anything	conj
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 fluffy	cc
6	fluffy	fluffy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 soft	conj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 clock	punct
8	like	like	ADP	_	11 clock	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 clock	det
10	dandelion	dandelion	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 clock	compound
11	clock	clock	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Anything	conj
12	or	or	CCONJ	_	15 chick	cc
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 chick	det
14	fluffy	fluffy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 chick	amod
15	chick	chick	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Anything	conj
16	(	(	PUNCT	_	17 informal	punct
17	informal	informal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 chick	amod
18	)	)	PUNCT	_	17 informal	punct
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Anything	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 1

When I stepped on the puffball, a brown cloud of spores came out.

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	When	when	ADV	PronType=Int	3 stepped	advmod
2	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	3 stepped	nsubj
3	stepped	step	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	13 came	advcl
4	on	on	ADP	_	6 puffball	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 puffball	det
6	puffball	puffball	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 stepped	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 stepped	punct
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 cloud	det
9	brown	brown	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 cloud	amod
10	cloud	cloud	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 came	nsubj
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 spores	case
12	spores	spore	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 cloud	nmod
13	came	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
14	out	out	ADV	_	13 came	advmod
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	13 came	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	step	past	I		the puffball		vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on puffball=Trajectory
2	come out	past	a brown cloud of spores			out property	vn become-109.1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient
3	cloud			spores			nom cloud «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient

Example 2

We found a giant puffball in the field.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 found	nsubj
2	found	find	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 puffball	det
4	giant	giant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 puffball	amod
5	puffball	puffball	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 found	obj
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 field	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 field	det
8	field	field	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 found	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 found	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	find	past	We	a giant puffball		the field			vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent puffball=Topic

Example 3

Puffballs spread their spores in the wind.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Puffballs	puffball	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 spread	nsubj
2	spread	spread	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	4 spores	nmod:poss
4	spores	spore	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 spread	obj
5	in	in	ADP	_	7 wind	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 wind	det
7	wind	wind	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 spread	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 spread	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	spread	present	Puffballs	Puffballs's spores		the wind			vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent spore=Theme in wind=Destination

Example 4

The kitten was a tiny white puffball.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 kitten	det
2	kitten	kitten	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 puffball	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 puffball	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 puffball	det
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 puffball	amod
6	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 puffball	amod
7	puffball	puffball	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 puffball	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	past	the kitten	a tiny white puffball					tree rules

Example 5

Never eat a wild puffball unless an expert checks it.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	2 eat	advmod
2	eat	eat	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 puffball	det
4	wild	wild	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 puffball	amod
5	puffball	puffball	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 eat	obj
6	unless	unless	SCONJ	_	9 checks	mark
7	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 expert	det
8	expert	expert	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 checks	nsubj
9	checks	check	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 eat	advcl
10	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 checks	obj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 eat	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not eat	imperative	you not said here	a wild puffball					vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent puffball=Patient
2	check a condition, not said to happen	present	a expert	puffball					vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme

Example 6

Puffballs have no gills like other mushrooms.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Puffballs	puffball	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	nsubj
2	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	4 gills	det
4	gills	gill	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	obj
5	like	like	ADP	_	7 mushrooms	case
6	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 mushrooms	amod
7	mushrooms	mushroom	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 gills	nmod
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 have	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Puffballs	no gills				like other mushrooms	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gill=Patient

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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