radioactivity Who acts: Radioactivity, atoms, something, Marie, Geiger counter, counter · What happens: give off, call, break down, be, study, discover · To what, where: invisible energy, radiation, measure, radioactivity, radium, living cells · Speech: someone speaks here
«radioactivity» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: radioactivity in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Radioactivity is the giving off of invisible energy, called radiation, by the centres (nuclei) of some unstable atoms as they break down.
The tree, 22 words nsubj aux det case case amod obl punct advcl xcomp punct case det obl punct appos punct case det amod nmod mark nsubj advcl compound:prt punct root Radioactivity NOUN is AUX the DET giving VERB off ADP of ADP invisible ADJ energy NOUN , PUNCT called VERB radiation NOUN , PUNCT by ADP the DET centres NOUN ( PUNCT nuclei NOUN ) PUNCT of ADP some DET unstable ADJ atoms NOUN as SCONJ they PRON break VERB down ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Radioactivity radioactivity NOUN Number=Sing 4 giving nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 giving aux 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 giving det 4 giving give VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 off off ADP _ 8 energy case 6 of of ADP _ 8 energy case 7 invisible invisible ADJ Degree=Pos 8 energy amod 8 energy energy NOUN Number=Sing 4 giving obl 9 , , PUNCT _ 10 called punct 10 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 giving advcl 11 radiation radiation NOUN Number=Sing 10 called xcomp 12 , , PUNCT _ 15 centres punct 13 by by ADP _ 15 centres case 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 centres det 15 centres centre NOUN Number=Plur 4 giving obl 16 ( ( PUNCT _ 17 nuclei punct 17 nuclei nucleus NOUN Number=Plur 15 centres appos 18 ) ) PUNCT _ 17 nuclei punct 19 of of ADP _ 22 atoms case 20 some some DET PronType=Ind 22 atoms det 21 unstable unstable ADJ Degree=Pos 22 atoms amod 22 atoms atom NOUN Number=Plur 15 centres nmod 23 as as SCONJ _ 25 break mark 24 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 25 break nsubj 25 break break VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 giving advcl 26 down down ADP _ 25 break compound:prt 27 . . PUNCT _ 4 giving punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give off present · progressive Radioactivity invisible energy by the centres of some unstable atoms vn substance_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source energy=Theme 2 call participle Radioactivity not said here radiation vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 break down present atoms = atom vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Radioactivity is also a measure of how much of this radiation something gives off.
The tree, 14 words nsubj cop advmod det case advmod nmod case det nmod nsubj acl:relcl compound:prt punct root Radioactivity NOUN is AUX also ADV a DET measure NOUN of ADP how ADV much ADJ of ADP this DET radiation NOUN something PRON gives VERB off ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Radioactivity radioactivity NOUN Number=Sing 5 measure nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 measure cop 3 also also ADV _ 5 measure advmod 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 measure det 5 measure measure NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 8 much case 7 how how ADV PronType=Int 8 much advmod 8 much much ADJ Degree=Pos 5 measure nmod 9 of of ADP _ 11 radiation case 10 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 11 radiation det 11 radiation radiation NOUN Number=Sing 8 much nmod 12 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 13 gives nsubj 13 gives give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 radiation acl:relcl 14 off off ADP _ 13 gives compound:prt 15 . . PUNCT _ 5 measure punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Radioactivity a measure of much of this radiation tree rules 2 give off present something this radiation not said here vn substance_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source radiation=Theme
Example 1 Marie Curie studied radioactivity and discovered radium and polonium.
nsubj flat obj cc conj obj cc conj punct root Marie PROPN Curie PROPN studied VERB radioactivity NOUN and CCONJ discovered VERB radium NOUN and CCONJ polonium NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Marie Marie PROPN Number=Sing 3 studied nsubj 2 Curie Curie PROPN Number=Sing 1 Marie flat 3 studied study VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 radioactivity radioactivity NOUN Number=Sing 3 studied obj 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 discovered cc 6 discovered discover VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 studied conj 7 radium radium NOUN Number=Sing 6 discovered obj 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 polonium cc 9 polonium polonium NOUN Number=Sing 7 radium conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 studied punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study past Marie radioactivity vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent radioactivity=Topic 2 discover past Marie not said here radium and polonium vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent radium=Topic
Example 2 A Geiger counter clicks when it detects radioactivity.
det compound nsubj advmod nsubj advcl obj punct root A DET Geiger NOUN counter NOUN clicks VERB when ADV it PRON detects VERB radioactivity NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 counter det 2 Geiger geiger NOUN Number=Sing 3 counter compound 3 counter counter NOUN Number=Sing 4 clicks nsubj 4 clicks click VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 when when ADV PronType=Int 7 detects advmod 6 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 detects nsubj 7 detects detect VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 clicks advcl 8 radioactivity radioactivity NOUN Number=Sing 7 detects obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 clicks punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 click present a Geiger counter vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 detect present counter radioactivity vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer radioactivity=Stimulus
Example 3 High levels of radioactivity can damage living cells.
amod nsubj case nmod aux amod obj punct root High ADJ levels NOUN of ADP radioactivity NOUN can AUX damage VERB living ADJ cells NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 High high ADJ Degree=Pos 2 levels amod 2 levels level NOUN Number=Plur 6 damage nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 4 radioactivity case 4 radioactivity radioactivity NOUN Number=Sing 2 levels nmod 5 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 6 damage aux 6 damage damage VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 living living ADJ Degree=Pos 8 cells amod 8 cells cell NOUN Number=Plur 6 damage obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 damage punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 damage can High levels of radioactivity living cells vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cell=Patient
Example 4 Bananas have a tiny, harmless amount of radioactivity.
nsubj det amod punct amod obj case nmod punct root Bananas NOUN have VERB a DET tiny ADJ , PUNCT harmless ADJ amount NOUN of ADP radioactivity NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Bananas banana NOUN Number=Plur 2 have nsubj 2 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 amount det 4 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 7 amount amod 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 tiny punct 6 harmless harmless ADJ Degree=Pos 7 amount amod 7 amount amount NOUN Number=Sing 2 have obj 8 of of ADP _ 9 radioactivity case 9 radioactivity radioactivity NOUN Number=Sing 7 amount nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Bananas a tiny harmless amount of radioactivity vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent amount=Patient 2 amount radioactivity nom amount «possession transitive»: of=patient
Example 5 After the Chernobyl accident, radioactivity spread over a wide area.
case det compound obl punct nsubj case det amod obl punct root After ADP the DET Chernobyl PROPN accident NOUN , PUNCT radioactivity NOUN spread VERB over ADP a DET wide ADJ area NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 After after ADP _ 4 accident case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 accident det 3 Chernobyl Chernobyl PROPN Number=Sing 4 accident compound 4 accident accident NOUN Number=Sing 7 spread obl 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 accident punct 6 radioactivity radioactivity NOUN Number=Sing 7 spread nsubj 7 spread spread VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 over over ADP _ 11 area case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 area det 10 wide wide ADJ Degree=Pos 11 area amod 11 area area NOUN Number=Sing 7 spread obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 7 spread punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 spread past radioactivity a wide area after the Chernobyl accident vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over area=Location
Example 6 Scientists use radioactivity to date very old objects.
nsubj obj mark advcl advmod amod obj punct root Scientists NOUN use VERB radioactivity NOUN to PART date NOUN very ADV old ADJ objects NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scientists scientist NOUN Number=Plur 2 use nsubj 2 use use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 radioactivity radioactivity NOUN Number=Sing 2 use obj 4 to to PART _ 5 date mark 5 date date NOUN Number=Sing 2 use advcl 6 very very ADV _ 7 old advmod 7 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 8 objects amod 8 objects object NOUN Number=Plur 2 use obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 use punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present Scientists radioactivity tree rules
Example 7 The yellow warning sign means radioactivity is present.
det amod compound nsubj nsubj cop ccomp punct root The DET yellow ADJ warning NOUN sign NOUN means VERB radioactivity NOUN is AUX present ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 sign det 2 yellow yellow ADJ Degree=Pos 4 sign amod 3 warning warning NOUN Number=Sing 4 sign compound 4 sign sign NOUN Number=Sing 5 means nsubj 5 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 radioactivity radioactivity NOUN Number=Sing 8 present nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 present cop 8 present present ADJ Degree=Pos 5 means ccomp 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present the yellow warning sign vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 2 is present radioactivity present property tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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