refract Who acts: light, Sound, Water, straw, prism, Glasses lenses · What happens: refract, be, pass, change, look, help · To what, where: light, one material, speed, white light, rainbow, people
«refract» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: refract in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.
To refract light is to bend it as it passes from one material into another, such as from air into water or glass.
The tree, 23 words mark advcl obj cop mark obj mark nsubj advcl case nummod obl case obl punct case fixed fixed obl case obl cc conj punct root To PART refract VERB light NOUN is AUX to PART bend VERB it PRON as SCONJ it PRON passes VERB from ADP one NUM material NOUN into ADP another DET , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP from ADP air NOUN into ADP water NOUN or CCONJ glass NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 refract mark 2 refract refract VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 bend advcl 3 light light NOUN Number=Sing 2 refract obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 bend cop 5 to to PART _ 6 bend mark 6 bend bend VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 bend obj 8 as as SCONJ _ 10 passes mark 9 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 passes nsubj 10 passes pass VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 bend advcl 11 from from ADP _ 13 material case 12 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 13 material nummod 13 material material NOUN Number=Sing 10 passes obl 14 into into ADP _ 15 another case 15 another another DET PronType=Ind 10 passes obl 16 , , PUNCT _ 20 air punct 17 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 20 air case 18 as as ADP _ 17 such fixed 19 from from ADP _ 17 such fixed 20 air air NOUN Number=Sing 10 passes obl 21 into into ADP _ 22 water case 22 water water NOUN Number=Sing 10 passes obl 23 or or CCONJ _ 24 glass cc 24 glass glass NOUN Number=Sing 22 water conj 25 . . PUNCT _ 6 bend punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refract to-infinitive light vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent light=Patient 2 is present bend property tree rules 3 pass present light one material into another; such air; into water or glass vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V PP.initial_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme from material=Initial_Location into another=Destination
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Sound and other waves can also refract when they change speed.
nsubj cc amod conj aux advmod mark nsubj advcl obj punct root Sound NOUN and CCONJ other ADJ waves NOUN can AUX also ADV refract VERB when SCONJ they PRON change VERB speed NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sound sound NOUN Number=Sing 7 refract nsubj 2 and and CCONJ _ 4 waves cc 3 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 4 waves amod 4 waves wave NOUN Number=Plur 1 Sound conj 5 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 7 refract aux 6 also also ADV _ 7 refract advmod 7 refract refract VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 8 when when SCONJ _ 10 change mark 9 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 change nsubj 10 change change VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 refract advcl 11 speed speed NOUN Number=Sing 10 change obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 7 refract punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refract can Sound and other waves vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent 2 change present Sound speed vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent speed=Patient
Example 1 Water refracts light, so the straw looks bent.
nsubj obj punct advmod det nsubj conj xcomp punct root Water NOUN refracts VERB light NOUN , PUNCT so ADV the DET straw NOUN looks VERB bent ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Water water NOUN Number=Sing 2 refracts nsubj 2 refracts refract VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 light light NOUN Number=Sing 2 refracts obj 4 , , PUNCT _ 8 looks punct 5 so so ADV _ 8 looks advmod 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 straw det 7 straw straw NOUN Number=Sing 8 looks nsubj 8 looks look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 refracts conj 9 bent bent ADJ Degree=Pos 8 looks xcomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 refracts punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refract present Water light vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent light=Patient 2 look present the straw bent property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
Example 2 A prism refracts white light into a rainbow of colours.
det nsubj amod obj case det obl case nmod punct root A DET prism NOUN refracts VERB white ADJ light NOUN into ADP a DET rainbow NOUN of ADP colours NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 prism det 2 prism prism NOUN Number=Sing 3 refracts nsubj 3 refracts refract VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 5 light amod 5 light light NOUN Number=Sing 3 refracts obj 6 into into ADP _ 8 rainbow case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 rainbow det 8 rainbow rainbow NOUN Number=Sing 3 refracts obl 9 of of ADP _ 10 colours case 10 colours colour NOUN Number=Plur 8 rainbow nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 refracts punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refract present a prism white light a rainbow of colours vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent light=Patient
Example 3 Glasses lenses refract light to help people see clearly.
compound nsubj obj mark advcl obj xcomp advmod punct root Glasses NOUN lenses NOUN refract VERB light NOUN to PART help VERB people NOUN see VERB clearly ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Glasses glass NOUN Number=Plur 2 lenses compound 2 lenses lens NOUN Number=Plur 3 refract nsubj 3 refract refract VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 light light NOUN Number=Sing 3 refract obj 5 to to PART _ 6 help mark 6 help help VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 refract advcl 7 people people NOUN Number=Plur 6 help obj 8 see see VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 help xcomp 9 clearly clearly ADV _ 8 see advmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 refract punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refract present Glasses lenses light vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent light=Patient 2 help to-infinitive Glasses lenses not said here people vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent people=Beneficiary clause=Theme 3 see infinitive people not said here clearly property vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
Example 4 Raindrops refract and reflect sunlight to make rainbows.
nsubj cc conj obj mark advcl obj punct root Raindrops NOUN refract VERB and CCONJ reflect VERB sunlight NOUN to PART make VERB rainbows NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Raindrops raindrop NOUN Number=Plur 2 refract nsubj 2 refract refract VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 and and CCONJ _ 4 reflect cc 4 reflect reflect VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 refract conj 5 sunlight sunlight NOUN Number=Sing 4 reflect obj 6 to to PART _ 7 make mark 7 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 reflect advcl 8 rainbows rainbow NOUN Number=Plur 7 make obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 refract punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refract present Raindrops vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent 2 reflect present Raindrops not said here sunlight tree rules 3 make to-infinitive Raindrops not said here rainbows vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset rainbow=Product
Example 5 The pool looks shallow because water refracts the light.
det nsubj xcomp mark nsubj advcl det obj punct root The DET pool NOUN looks VERB shallow ADJ because SCONJ water NOUN refracts VERB the DET light NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 pool det 2 pool pool NOUN Number=Sing 3 looks nsubj 3 looks look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 shallow shallow ADJ Degree=Pos 3 looks xcomp 5 because because SCONJ _ 7 refracts mark 6 water water NOUN Number=Sing 7 refracts nsubj 7 refracts refract VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 looks advcl 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 light det 9 light light NOUN Number=Sing 7 refracts obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 looks punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look present the pool shallow property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus 2 refract present water the light vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent light=Patient
Example 6 Light refracts when it goes from air into glass.
nsubj mark nsubj advcl case obl case obl punct root Light NOUN refracts VERB when SCONJ it PRON goes VERB from ADP air NOUN into ADP glass NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Light light NOUN Number=Sing 2 refracts nsubj 2 refracts refract VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 when when SCONJ _ 5 goes mark 4 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 goes nsubj 5 goes go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 refracts advcl 6 from from ADP _ 7 air case 7 air air NOUN Number=Sing 5 goes obl 8 into into ADP _ 9 glass case 9 glass glass NOUN Number=Sing 5 goes obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 refracts punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refract present Light vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent 2 go present Light air into glass vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme from air=Initial_Location into glass=Destination
Example 7 Draw how the light ray refracts at the surface.
advmod det compound nsubj advcl case det obl punct root Draw VERB how ADV the DET light NOUN ray NOUN refracts VERB at ADP the DET surface NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Draw draw VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 how how ADV PronType=Int 6 refracts advmod 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 ray det 4 light light NOUN Number=Sing 5 ray compound 5 ray ray NOUN Number=Sing 6 refracts nsubj 6 refracts refract VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Draw advcl 7 at at ADP _ 9 surface case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 surface det 9 surface surface NOUN Number=Sing 6 refracts obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 1 Draw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 draw imperative you not said here vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 refract present the light ray the surface vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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