refraction Who acts: Refraction, straw, pencil, Glasses, people, pool · What happens: be, pass, look, break, make, refract · To what, where: bending, one material, rainbow, sunlight, refraction, people
«refraction» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: refraction in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Refraction is the bending of light (or sound or water waves) when it passes from one material into another, like from air into water or glass.
The tree, 26 words nsubj cop det case nmod punct cc parataxis cc compound conj punct advmod nsubj advcl case nummod obl case obl punct case case obl case nmod cc conj punct root Refraction NOUN is AUX the DET bending NOUN of ADP light NOUN ( PUNCT or CCONJ sound NOUN or CCONJ water NOUN waves NOUN ) PUNCT when ADV it PRON passes VERB from ADP one NUM material NOUN into ADP another DET , PUNCT like ADP from ADP air NOUN into ADP water NOUN or CCONJ glass NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Refraction refraction NOUN Number=Sing 4 bending nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 bending cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 bending det 4 bending bending NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 of of ADP _ 6 light case 6 light light NOUN Number=Sing 4 bending nmod 7 ( ( PUNCT _ 9 sound punct 8 or or CCONJ _ 9 sound cc 9 sound sound NOUN Number=Sing 4 bending parataxis 10 or or CCONJ _ 12 waves cc 11 water water NOUN Number=Sing 12 waves compound 12 waves wave NOUN Number=Plur 9 sound conj 13 ) ) PUNCT _ 9 sound punct 14 when when ADV PronType=Int 16 passes advmod 15 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 16 passes nsubj 16 passes pass VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 bending advcl 17 from from ADP _ 19 material case 18 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 19 material nummod 19 material material NOUN Number=Sing 16 passes obl 20 into into ADP _ 21 another case 21 another another DET PronType=Ind 16 passes obl 22 , , PUNCT _ 25 air punct 23 like like ADP _ 25 air case 24 from from ADP _ 25 air case 25 air air NOUN Number=Sing 16 passes obl 26 into into ADP _ 27 water case 27 water water NOUN Number=Sing 25 air nmod 28 or or CCONJ _ 29 glass cc 29 glass glass NOUN Number=Sing 27 water conj 30 . . PUNCT _ 4 bending punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Refraction the bending of light tree rules 2 pass present Refraction one material into another; like air into water or glass vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V PP.initial_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme from material=Initial_Location into another=Destination
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Because of refraction, a straw in a glass of water looks bent or broken.
The tree, 14 words case fixed obl punct det nsubj case det nmod case nmod xcomp cc conj punct root Because ADP of ADP refraction NOUN , PUNCT a DET straw NOUN in ADP a DET glass NOUN of ADP water NOUN looks VERB bent ADJ or CCONJ broken VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Because because ADP ExtPos=ADP 3 refraction case 2 of of ADP _ 1 Because fixed 3 refraction refraction NOUN Number=Sing 12 looks obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 refraction punct 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 straw det 6 straw straw NOUN Number=Sing 12 looks nsubj 7 in in ADP _ 9 glass case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 glass det 9 glass glass NOUN Number=Sing 6 straw nmod 10 of of ADP _ 11 water case 11 water water NOUN Number=Sing 9 glass nmod 12 looks look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 13 bent bent ADJ Degree=Pos 12 looks xcomp 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 broken cc 15 broken break VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 13 bent conj 16 . . PUNCT _ 12 looks punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look present a straw in a glass of water because refraction; bent property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus 2 break participle a straw in a glass of water not said here vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient
Example 1 A pencil in a glass of water looks bent because of refraction.
det nsubj case det nmod case nmod xcomp case fixed obl punct root A DET pencil NOUN in ADP a DET glass NOUN of ADP water NOUN looks VERB bent ADJ because ADP of ADP refraction NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 pencil det 2 pencil pencil NOUN Number=Sing 8 looks nsubj 3 in in ADP _ 5 glass case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 glass det 5 glass glass NOUN Number=Sing 2 pencil nmod 6 of of ADP _ 7 water case 7 water water NOUN Number=Sing 5 glass nmod 8 looks look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 9 bent bent ADJ Degree=Pos 8 looks xcomp 10 because because ADP ExtPos=ADP 12 refraction case 11 of of ADP _ 10 because fixed 12 refraction refraction NOUN Number=Sing 9 bent obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 8 looks punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look present a pencil in a glass of water bent property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
Example 2 Refraction of sunlight in raindrops makes a rainbow.
nsubj case nmod case nmod det obj punct root Refraction NOUN of ADP sunlight NOUN in ADP raindrops NOUN makes VERB a DET rainbow NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Refraction refraction NOUN Number=Sing 6 makes nsubj 2 of of ADP _ 3 sunlight case 3 sunlight sunlight NOUN Number=Sing 1 Refraction nmod 4 in in ADP _ 5 raindrops case 5 raindrops raindrop NOUN Number=Plur 3 sunlight nmod 6 makes make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 rainbow det 8 rainbow rainbow NOUN Number=Sing 6 makes obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 makes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make present Refraction of sunlight in raindrops a rainbow vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset rainbow=Product 2 refract sunlight in raindrops nom refraction «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient
Example 3 Glasses use refraction to help people see clearly.
nsubj obj mark advcl obj xcomp advmod punct root Glasses NOUN use VERB refraction NOUN to PART help VERB people NOUN see VERB clearly ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Glasses glass NOUN Number=Plur 2 use nsubj 2 use use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 refraction refraction NOUN Number=Sing 2 use obj 4 to to PART _ 5 help mark 5 help help VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 use advcl 6 people people NOUN Number=Plur 5 help obj 7 see see VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 help xcomp 8 clearly clearly ADV _ 7 see advmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 use punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present Glasses refraction vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent refraction=Patient 2 help to-infinitive Glasses not said here people vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent people=Beneficiary clause=Theme 3 see infinitive people not said here clearly property vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
Example 4 The pool looks shallower than it is because of refraction, so be careful before jumping in.
The tree, 16 words det nsubj xcomp case nsubj cop case fixed obl punct advmod cop conj mark advcl advmod punct root The DET pool NOUN looks VERB shallower ADJ than ADP it PRON is AUX because ADP of ADP refraction NOUN , PUNCT so ADV be AUX careful ADJ before SCONJ jumping VERB in ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 pool det 2 pool pool NOUN Number=Sing 3 looks nsubj 3 looks look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 shallower shallow ADJ Degree=Cmp 3 looks xcomp 5 than than ADP _ 10 refraction case 6 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 refraction nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 refraction cop 8 because because ADP ExtPos=ADP 10 refraction case 9 of of ADP _ 8 because fixed 10 refraction refraction NOUN Number=Sing 4 shallower obl 11 , , PUNCT _ 14 careful punct 12 so so ADV _ 14 careful advmod 13 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 14 careful cop 14 careful careful ADJ Degree=Pos 3 looks conj 15 before before SCONJ _ 16 jumping mark 16 jumping jump VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 14 careful advcl 17 in in ADV _ 16 jumping advmod 18 . . PUNCT _ 3 looks punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look present the pool shallow property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus 2 is present pool than refraction tree rules 3 is infinitive the pool not said here careful property tree rules 4 jump in gerund the pool not said here vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 5 A prism uses refraction to split white light into colours.
det nsubj obj mark advcl amod obj case obl punct root A DET prism NOUN uses VERB refraction NOUN to PART split VERB white ADJ light NOUN into ADP colours NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 prism det 2 prism prism NOUN Number=Sing 3 uses nsubj 3 uses use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 refraction refraction NOUN Number=Sing 3 uses obj 5 to to PART _ 6 split mark 6 split split VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 uses advcl 7 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 8 light amod 8 light light NOUN Number=Sing 6 split obj 9 into into ADP _ 10 colours case 10 colours colour NOUN Number=Plur 6 split obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 uses punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present a prism refraction vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent refraction=Patient 2 split to-infinitive a prism not said here white light into colours result vn break-45.1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent light=Patient into colour=Result
Example 6 We did an experiment on refraction with a torch and a glass of water.
The tree, 14 words nsubj det obj case obl case det obl cc det conj case nmod punct root We PRON did VERB an DET experiment NOUN on ADP refraction NOUN with ADP a DET torch NOUN and CCONJ a DET glass NOUN of ADP water NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 did nsubj 2 did do VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 experiment det 4 experiment experiment NOUN Number=Sing 2 did obj 5 on on ADP _ 6 refraction case 6 refraction refraction NOUN Number=Sing 2 did obl 7 with with ADP _ 9 torch case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 torch det 9 torch torch NOUN Number=Sing 2 did obl 10 and and CCONJ _ 12 glass cc 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 glass det 12 glass glass NOUN Number=Sing 9 torch conj 13 of of ADP _ 14 water case 14 water water NOUN Number=Sing 12 glass nmod 15 . . PUNCT _ 2 did punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 do past We a experiment refraction with a torch and a glass of water vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent experiment=Eventuality
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
← previous refractnext → refrain↑ back to R in school dictionary This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/refraction/