refrain Who acts: people, comment, you, Passengers, Everyone, poem · What happens: stop, do, refrain, talk, repeat, keep · To what, where: yourself, something, poem, comment, corridors, smoking
«refrain» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: refrain in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.
To stop yourself from doing something: please refrain from talking.
mark obj mark advcl obj punct discourse acl:relcl mark advcl punct root To PART stop VERB yourself PRON from SCONJ doing VERB something PRON : PUNCT please INTJ refrain VERB from SCONJ talking VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 stop mark 2 stop stop VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 yourself yourself PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=2 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes 2 stop obj 4 from from SCONJ _ 5 doing mark 5 doing do VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 stop advcl 6 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 5 doing obj 7 : : PUNCT _ 9 refrain punct 8 please please INTJ _ 9 refrain discourse 9 refrain refrain VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 something acl:relcl 10 from from SCONJ _ 11 talking mark 11 talking talk VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 9 refrain advcl 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 stop punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stop to-infinitive yourself vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality yourself=Eventuality 2 do gerund something vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality 3 refrain infinitive vn refrain-69 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 talk gerund vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.
The part of a song or poem that is repeated, the chorus.
det case det nmod cc conj nsubj:pass aux:pass acl:relcl punct det conj punct root The DET part NOUN of ADP a DET song NOUN or CCONJ poem NOUN that PRON is AUX repeated VERB , PUNCT the DET chorus NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 part det 2 part part NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 of of ADP _ 5 song case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 song det 5 song song NOUN Number=Sing 2 part nmod 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 poem cc 7 poem poem NOUN Number=Sing 5 song conj 8 that that PRON PronType=Rel 10 repeated nsubj:pass 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 repeated aux:pass 10 repeated repeat VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 poem acl:relcl 11 , , PUNCT _ 13 chorus punct 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 chorus det 13 chorus chorus NOUN Number=Sing 2 part conj 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 part punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 repeat present · passive poem vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality
Meaning 3 Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.
A comment or complaint that people keep repeating.
det cc conj obj nsubj acl:relcl xcomp punct root A DET comment NOUN or CCONJ complaint NOUN that PRON people NOUN keep VERB repeating VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 comment det 2 comment comment NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 or or CCONJ _ 4 complaint cc 4 complaint complaint NOUN Number=Sing 2 comment conj 5 that that PRON PronType=Rel 7 keep obj 6 people people NOUN Number=Plur 7 keep nsubj 7 keep keep VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 comment acl:relcl 8 repeating repeat VERB VerbForm=Ger 7 keep xcomp 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 comment punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 keep present people a comment or complaint tree rules 2 repeat gerund a comment or complaint not said here vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
Example 1 Please refrain from running in the corridors.
discourse mark advcl case det obl punct root Please INTJ refrain VERB from SCONJ running VERB in ADP the DET corridors NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Please please INTJ _ 2 refrain discourse 2 refrain refrain VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 from from SCONJ _ 4 running mark 4 running run VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 refrain advcl 5 in in ADP _ 7 corridors case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 corridors det 7 corridors corridor NOUN Number=Plur 4 running obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 refrain punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refrain imperative you not said here vn refrain-69 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 run gerund you not said here the corridors vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in corridor=Trajectory
Example 2 Passengers must refrain from smoking.
nsubj aux case obl punct root Passengers NOUN must AUX refrain VERB from ADP smoking NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Passengers passenger NOUN Number=Plur 3 refrain nsubj 2 must must AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 refrain aux 3 refrain refrain VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 from from ADP _ 5 smoking case 5 smoking smoking NOUN Number=Sing 3 refrain obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 refrain punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refrain must Passengers smoking vn refrain-69 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent from smoking=Eventuality
Example 3 Everyone joined in the refrain of the song.
nsubj case det obl case det nmod punct root Everyone PRON joined VERB in ADP the DET refrain NOUN of ADP the DET song NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Everyone everyone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Tot 2 joined nsubj 2 joined join VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 in in ADP _ 5 refrain case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 refrain det 5 refrain refrain NOUN Number=Sing 2 joined obl 6 of of ADP _ 8 song case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 song det 8 song song NOUN Number=Sing 5 refrain nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 joined punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 join past Everyone in the refrain of the song vn cooperate-73.1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in refrain=Theme
Example 4 The poem has a refrain at the end of each verse.
det nsubj det obj case det nmod case det nmod punct root The DET poem NOUN has VERB a DET refrain NOUN at ADP the DET end NOUN of ADP each DET verse NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 poem det 2 poem poem NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 refrain det 5 refrain refrain NOUN Number=Sing 3 has obj 6 at at ADP _ 8 end case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 end det 8 end end NOUN Number=Sing 5 refrain nmod 9 of of ADP _ 11 verse case 10 each each DET PronType=Tot 11 verse det 11 verse verse NOUN Number=Sing 8 end nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present the poem a refrain at the end of each verse vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent refrain=Patient
Example 5 I refrained from laughing at his joke.
nsubj mark advcl case nmod:poss obl punct root I PRON refrained VERB from SCONJ laughing VERB at ADP his PRON joke NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 refrained nsubj 2 refrained refrain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 from from SCONJ _ 4 laughing mark 4 laughing laugh VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 refrained advcl 5 at at ADP _ 7 joke case 6 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 joke nmod:poss 7 joke joke NOUN Number=Sing 4 laughing obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 refrained punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refrain past I vn refrain-69 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 laugh gerund I not said here his joke vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 joke his = he nom joke «communication intransitive»: poss=agent
Example 6 «Are we there yet?» was the children's constant refrain.
punct cop nsubj advmod punct punct cop det nmod:poss case amod nsubj punct root « PUNCT Are AUX we PRON there ADV yet ADV ? PUNCT » PUNCT was AUX the DET children NOUN 's PART constant ADJ refrain NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 4 there punct 2 Are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 there cop 3 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 there nsubj 4 there there ADV PronType=Dem root root 5 yet yet ADV _ 4 there advmod 6 ? ? PUNCT _ 4 there punct 7 » » PUNCT _ 4 there punct 8 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 there cop 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 children det 10 children child NOUN Number=Plur 13 refrain nmod:poss 11 's 's PART _ 10 children case 12 constant constant ADJ Degree=Pos 13 refrain amod 13 refrain refrain NOUN Number=Sing 4 there nsubj 14 . . PUNCT _ 4 there punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is in a quote present we yet there property tree rules
Example 7 Every verse ended with this refrain,--
det nsubj case det obl punct punct root Every DET verse NOUN ended VERB with ADP this DET refrain NOUN , PUNCT -- PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Every every DET PronType=Tot 2 verse det 2 verse verse NOUN Number=Sing 3 ended nsubj 3 ended end VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 with with ADP _ 6 refrain case 5 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 6 refrain det 6 refrain refrain NOUN Number=Sing 3 ended obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 6 refrain punct 8 -- -- PUNCT _ 3 ended punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 end past every verse with this refrain vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality PP.subeventuality»: agent=Affector with refrain=Subeventuality
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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