ruff

Who acts: ruff, gentlemen, bird · What happens: be, wear, dress, lift · To what, where: stiff frilled collar, ring, She, ruff, little ruffs, feathery ruff

«ruff» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: ruff in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

A ruff is a stiff, frilled collar worn round the neck long ago.

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 ruff	det
2	ruff	ruff	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 collar	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 collar	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 collar	det
5	stiff	stiff	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 collar	amod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 stiff	punct
7	frilled	frilled	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 collar	amod
8	collar	collar	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
9	worn	wear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 collar	acl
10	round	round	ADP	_	12 neck	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 neck	det
12	neck	neck	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 worn	obl
13	long	long	ADV	Degree=Pos	14 ago	advmod
14	ago	ago	ADV	_	9 worn	advmod
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 collar	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a ruff	a stiff frilled collar					tree rules
2	wear	participle		a stiff frilled collar not said here				round the neck; ago property	vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

A ruff is a ring of feathers or fur round the neck of a bird or animal.

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 ruff	det
2	ruff	ruff	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 ring	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 ring	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 ring	det
5	ring	ring	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 feathers	case
7	feathers	feather	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 ring	nmod
8	or	or	CCONJ	_	9 fur	cc
9	fur	fur	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 feathers	conj
10	round	round	ADP	_	12 neck	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 neck	det
12	neck	neck	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 fur	nmod
13	of	of	ADP	_	15 bird	case
14	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 bird	det
15	bird	bird	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 neck	nmod
16	or	or	CCONJ	_	17 animal	cc
17	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 bird	conj
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 ring	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a ruff	a ring				of feathers or fur round the neck of a bird or animal	tree rules

Example 1

She was dressed in a ruff and farthingale.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	She	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 dressed	nsubj
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 dressed	aux:pass
3	dressed	dress	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 ruff	case
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 ruff	det
6	ruff	ruff	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 dressed	obl
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 farthingale	cc
8	farthingale	farthingale	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 ruff	conj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 dressed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	dress	past · passive		She		a ruff and farthingale			vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient

Example 2

The gentlemen wore little ruffs.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 gentlemen	det
2	gentlemen	gentleman	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 wore	nsubj
3	wore	wear	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 ruffs	amod
5	ruffs	ruff	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 wore	obj
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 wore	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	wear	past	the gentlemen	little ruffs					vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent ruff=Source

Example 3

The bird lifted its feathery ruff.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 bird	det
2	bird	bird	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 lifted	nsubj
3	lifted	lift	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 ruff	nmod:poss
5	feathery	feathery	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 ruff	amod
6	ruff	ruff	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 lifted	obj
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 lifted	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	lift	past	the bird	bird's feathery ruff					vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ruff=Theme

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/ruff/