ruffle

Who acts: Grandad, breeze, bird, rude comment, Her, princess · What happens: make, annoy, upset, gather, use, ruffle · To what, where: something, someone, gathered cloth, hair, surface, feathers · Speech: someone speaks here

«ruffle» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: ruffle in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

To make something uneven or messy, like hair, feathers or a smooth surface.

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 make	mark
2	make	make	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	2 make	obj
4	uneven	uneven	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 something	amod
5	or	or	CCONJ	_	6 messy	cc
6	messy	messy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 uneven	conj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 hair	punct
8	like	like	ADP	_	9 hair	case
9	hair	hair	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 make	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 feathers	punct
11	feathers	feather	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 hair	conj
12	or	or	CCONJ	_	15 surface	cc
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 surface	det
14	smooth	smooth	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 surface	amod
15	surface	surface	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 hair	conj
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 make	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	to-infinitive		something				like hair and feathers or a smooth surface	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

To annoy or upset someone a little.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 annoy	mark
2	annoy	annoy	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	or	or	CCONJ	_	4 upset	cc
4	upset	upset	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	2 annoy	conj
5	someone	someone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	4 upset	obj
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 little	det
7	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 upset	obl:unmarked
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 annoy	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	annoy	to-infinitive							vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer
2	upset	infinitive		someone				a little obl:unmarked	vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus someone=Experiencer

The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

"ruffle someone's feathers".

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 feathers	punct
2	ruffle	ruffle	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 someone	compound
3	someone	someone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	5 feathers	nmod:poss
4	's	's	PART	_	3 someone	case
5	feathers	feather	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
6	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 feathers	punct
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 feathers	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Meaning 3

Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

A strip of gathered cloth used as decoration on a dress or shirt; a frill.

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 strip	det
2	strip	strip	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 cloth	case
4	gathered	gather	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 cloth	amod
5	cloth	cloth	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 strip	nmod
6	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 cloth	acl
7	as	as	ADP	_	8 decoration	case
8	decoration	decoration	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 used	obl
9	on	on	ADP	_	11 dress	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 dress	det
11	dress	dress	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 decoration	nmod
12	or	or	CCONJ	_	13 shirt	cc
13	shirt	shirt	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 dress	conj
14	;	;	PUNCT	_	16 frill	punct
15	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 frill	det
16	frill	frill	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 strip	conj
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 strip	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	gather	participle							vn herd-47.5.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	use	participle		gathered cloth not said here				as decoration on a dress or shirt	vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Meaning 4

Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

A soft drum roll.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 roll	det
2	soft	soft	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 roll	amod
3	drum	drum	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 roll	compound
4	roll	roll	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 roll	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 1

Grandad ruffled my hair and smiled.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 ruffled	nsubj
2	ruffled	ruffle	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	my	my	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	4 hair	nmod:poss
4	hair	hair	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 ruffled	obj
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 smiled	cc
6	smiled	smile	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 ruffled	conj
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 ruffled	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ruffle	past	Grandad	my hair					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus hair=Experiencer
2	smile	past	Grandad not said here						vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Example 2

A breeze ruffled the surface of the lake.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 breeze	det
2	breeze	breeze	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 ruffled	nsubj
3	ruffled	ruffle	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 surface	det
5	surface	surface	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 ruffled	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 lake	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 lake	det
8	lake	lake	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 surface	nmod
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 ruffled	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ruffle	past	a breeze	the surface of the lake					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus surface=Experiencer

Example 3

The bird ruffled its feathers in the cold.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 bird	det
2	bird	bird	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 ruffled	nsubj
3	ruffled	ruffle	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 feathers	nmod:poss
5	feathers	feather	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 ruffled	obj
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 cold	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 cold	det
8	cold	cold	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 ruffled	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 ruffled	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ruffle	past	the bird	bird's feathers		the cold			vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus feather=Experiencer

Example 4

Her rude comment ruffled a few feathers.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 comment	nmod:poss
2	rude	rude	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 comment	amod
3	comment	comment	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 ruffled	nsubj
4	ruffled	ruffle	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 feathers	det
6	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 feathers	amod
7	feathers	feather	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 ruffled	obj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 ruffled	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ruffle	past	Her rude comment	a few feathers					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus feather=Experiencer
2	comment		Her = she						nom comment «communication transitive»: poss=agent

Example 5

The princess wore a dress with lots of ruffles.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 princess	det
2	princess	princess	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 wore	nsubj
3	wore	wear	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 dress	det
5	dress	dress	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 wore	obj
6	with	with	ADP	_	7 lots	case
7	lots	lot	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 wore	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 ruffles	case
9	ruffles	ruffle	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 lots	nmod
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 wore	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	wear	past	the princess	a dress				with lots of ruffles	vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent dress=Theme

Example 6

He stayed calm and unruffled during the test.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 stayed	nsubj
2	stayed	stay	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	calm	calm	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 stayed	xcomp
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 unruffled	cc
5	unruffled	unruffl	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 stayed	conj
6	during	during	ADP	_	8 test	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 test	det
8	test	test	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 unruffled	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 stayed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	stay	past	He					calm property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	unruffl	participle	He not said here				during the test		tree rules

Example 7

'Can you ruffle your fur when you are angry, or purr when you are pleased?' said she.

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	'	'	PUNCT	_	4 ruffle	punct
2	Can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 ruffle	aux
3	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	4 ruffle	nsubj
4	ruffle	ruffle	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	20 said	ccomp
5	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 fur	nmod:poss
6	fur	fur	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 ruffle	obj
7	when	when	SCONJ	_	10 angry	mark
8	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	10 angry	nsubj
9	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 angry	cop
10	angry	angry	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 ruffle	advcl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 purr	punct
12	or	or	CCONJ	_	13 purr	cc
13	purr	purr	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 ruffle	conj
14	when	when	SCONJ	_	17 pleased	mark
15	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	17 pleased	nsubj
16	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	17 pleased	cop
17	pleased	pleased	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 purr	advcl
18	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 ruffle	punct
19	'	'	PUNCT	_	4 ruffle	punct
20	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
21	she	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	20 said	nsubj
22	.	.	PUNCT	_	20 said	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	ruffle	can	you	your fur		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus fur=Experiencer
2	is	present	you		angry property	tree rules
3	purr	infinitive	you not said here			vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	is	present	you		pleased property	tree rules
5	say speech: assert	past	she			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/ruffle/