rust Who acts: Rust, brown flaky coating, Iron, Paint, metal, you · What happens: be, form, get, meet, rust, mean · To what, where: brown flaky coating, iron, air, brown colour, old bike chain, rain · Speech: someone speaks here
«rust» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: rust in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Rust is the reddish-brown, flaky coating that forms on iron or steel when it gets wet and meets air.
The tree, 20 words nsubj cop det amod punct amod punct amod nsubj acl:relcl case obl cc conj advmod nsubj advcl xcomp cc conj obj punct root Rust NOUN is AUX the DET reddish ADJ - PUNCT brown ADJ , PUNCT flaky ADJ coating NOUN that PRON forms VERB on ADP iron NOUN or CCONJ steel NOUN when ADV it PRON gets VERB wet ADJ and CCONJ meets VERB air NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Rust rust NOUN Number=Sing 9 coating nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 coating cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 coating det 4 reddish reddish ADJ Degree=Pos 6 brown amod 5 - - PUNCT _ 4 reddish punct 6 brown brown ADJ Degree=Pos 9 coating amod 7 , , PUNCT _ 6 brown punct 8 flaky flaky ADJ Degree=Pos 9 coating amod 9 coating coating NOUN Number=Sing root root 10 that that PRON PronType=Rel 11 forms nsubj 11 forms form VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 coating acl:relcl 12 on on ADP _ 13 iron case 13 iron iron NOUN Number=Sing 11 forms obl 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 steel cc 15 steel steel NOUN Number=Sing 13 iron conj 16 when when ADV PronType=Int 18 gets advmod 17 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 18 gets nsubj 18 gets get VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 forms advcl 19 wet wet ADJ Degree=Pos 18 gets xcomp 20 and and CCONJ _ 21 meets cc 21 meets meet VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 18 gets conj 22 air air NOUN Number=Sing 21 meets obj 23 . . PUNCT _ 9 coating punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Rust the brown flaky coating tree rules 2 form present the brown flaky coating iron or steel vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on iron=Location 3 get present Rust wet property vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer 4 meet present Rust not said here air vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Co-Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To rust means to become covered with rust.
mark csubj mark xcomp xcomp case obl punct root To PART rust VERB means VERB to PART become VERB covered VERB with ADP rust NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 rust mark 2 rust rust VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means csubj 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 become mark 5 become become VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means xcomp 6 covered cover VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 become xcomp 7 with with ADP _ 8 rust case 8 rust rust NOUN Number=Sing 6 covered obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 rust to-infinitive vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 become not said to happen to-infinitive tree rules 4 cover participle with rust vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with rust=Theme
Meaning 3 Rust is also a reddish-brown colour.
nsubj cop advmod det amod punct amod punct root Rust NOUN is AUX also ADV a DET reddish ADJ - PUNCT brown ADJ colour NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Rust rust NOUN Number=Sing 8 colour nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 colour cop 3 also also ADV _ 8 colour advmod 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 colour det 5 reddish reddish ADJ Degree=Pos 7 brown amod 6 - - PUNCT _ 5 reddish punct 7 brown brown ADJ Degree=Pos 8 colour amod 8 colour colour NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 . . PUNCT _ 8 colour punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Rust a brown colour tree rules
Example 1 My old bike chain is covered in rust.
nmod:poss amod compound nsubj:pass aux:pass case obl punct root My PRON old ADJ bike NOUN chain NOUN is AUX covered VERB in ADP rust NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 chain nmod:poss 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 4 chain amod 3 bike bike NOUN Number=Sing 4 chain compound 4 chain chain NOUN Number=Sing 6 covered nsubj:pass 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 covered aux:pass 6 covered cover VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 7 in in ADP _ 8 rust case 8 rust rust NOUN Number=Sing 6 covered obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 covered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cover present · passive My old bike chain in rust vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in rust=Theme
Example 2 Iron rusts when it is left out in the rain.
nsubj advmod nsubj:pass aux:pass advcl compound:prt case det obl punct root Iron NOUN rusts VERB when ADV it PRON is AUX left VERB out ADP in ADP the DET rain NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Iron iron NOUN Number=Sing 2 rusts nsubj 2 rusts rust VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 when when ADV PronType=Int 6 left advmod 4 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 left nsubj:pass 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 left aux:pass 6 left leave VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 rusts advcl 7 out out ADP _ 6 left compound:prt 8 in in ADP _ 10 rain case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 rain det 10 rain rain NOUN Number=Sing 6 left obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 rusts punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 rust present Iron vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 leave out present · passive Iron the rain vn neglect-75.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
Example 3 Paint stops the gate from rusting.
nsubj det obj mark advcl punct root Paint NOUN stops VERB the DET gate NOUN from SCONJ rusting VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Paint paint NOUN Number=Sing 2 stops nsubj 2 stops stop VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 gate det 4 gate gate NOUN Number=Sing 2 stops obj 5 from from SCONJ _ 6 rusting mark 6 rusting rust VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 stops advcl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 stops punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stop present Paint the gate vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality gate=Eventuality 2 rust gerund Paint not said here vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 4 Rust made the metal weak and it broke.
nsubj det obj xcomp cc nsubj conj punct root Rust PROPN made VERB the DET metal NOUN weak ADJ and CCONJ it PRON broke VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Rust Rust PROPN Number=Sing 2 made nsubj 2 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 metal det 4 metal metal NOUN Number=Sing 2 made obj 5 weak weak ADJ Degree=Pos 2 made xcomp 6 and and CCONJ _ 8 broke cc 7 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 broke nsubj 8 broke break VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 made conj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past Rust the metal weak property vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent metal=Product 2 break past metal vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient
Example 5 Be careful with rusty nails; they can cut you.
cop case amod obl punct nsubj aux parataxis obj punct root Be AUX careful ADJ with ADP rusty ADJ nails NOUN ; PUNCT they PRON can AUX cut VERB you PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 2 careful cop 2 careful careful ADJ Degree=Pos root root 3 with with ADP _ 5 nails case 4 rusty rusty ADJ Degree=Pos 5 nails amod 5 nails nail NOUN Number=Plur 2 careful obl 6 ; ; PUNCT _ 9 cut punct 7 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 cut nsubj 8 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 cut aux 9 cut cut VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 careful parataxis 10 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 9 cut obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 9 cut punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is imperative you not said here with rusty nails; careful property tree rules 2 cut can nails = nail you vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset you=Product
Example 6 The car had rust on its doors.
det nsubj obj case nmod:poss obl punct root The DET car NOUN had VERB rust NOUN on ADP its PRON doors NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 car det 2 car car NOUN Number=Sing 3 had nsubj 3 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 rust rust NOUN Number=Sing 3 had obj 5 on on ADP _ 7 doors case 6 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 doors nmod:poss 7 doors door NOUN Number=Plur 3 had obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past the car rust car's doors vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rust=Patient
Example 7 Salt water makes metal rust faster.
compound nsubj obj xcomp advmod punct root Salt NOUN water NOUN makes VERB metal NOUN rust VERB faster ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Salt salt NOUN Number=Sing 2 water compound 2 water water NOUN Number=Sing 3 makes nsubj 3 makes make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 metal metal NOUN Number=Sing 3 makes obj 5 rust rust VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 makes xcomp 6 faster fast ADV Degree=Cmp 5 rust advmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 makes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make present Salt water metal tree rules 2 rust infinitive metal not said here fast property vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 8 Gold never rusts.
nsubj advmod punct root Gold NOUN never ADV rusts VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Gold gold NOUN Number=Sing 3 rusts nsubj 2 never never ADV PronType=Neg 3 rusts advmod 3 rusts rust VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 . . PUNCT _ 3 rusts punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not rust present Gold vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 9 Others polished the blade until all the rust was removed and it glistened like burnished silver.
The tree, 16 words nsubj det obj mark det:predet det nsubj:pass aux:pass advcl cc nsubj:pass conj case amod obl punct root Others NOUN polished VERB the DET blade NOUN until SCONJ all DET the DET rust NOUN was AUX removed VERB and CCONJ it PRON glistened VERB like ADP burnished VERB silver NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Others other NOUN Number=Plur 2 polished nsubj 2 polished polish VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 blade det 4 blade blade NOUN Number=Sing 2 polished obj 5 until until SCONJ _ 10 removed mark 6 all all DET PronType=Tot 8 rust det:predet 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 rust det 8 rust rust NOUN Number=Sing 10 removed nsubj:pass 9 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 10 removed aux:pass 10 removed remove VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 polished advcl 11 and and CCONJ _ 13 glistened cc 12 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 13 glistened nsubj:pass 13 glistened glisten VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 removed conj 14 like like ADP _ 16 silver case 15 burnished burnish VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 16 silver amod 16 silver silver NOUN Number=Sing 13 glistened obl 17 . . PUNCT _ 2 polished punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 polish past Others the blade vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent blade=Destination 2 remove past · passive all rust vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme 3 glisten participle · passive rust like burnished silver vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme 4 burnish participle tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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