testify

Who acts: you, scars, boy, witnesses, old stones · What happens: testify, be, know, see, prove · To what, where: court, something, fight, man, long history · Speech: someone speaks here

«testify» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: testify in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

To testify is to tell what you know or saw, especially in a court and on oath.

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 testify	mark
2	testify	testify	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 tell	csubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 tell	cop
4	to	to	PART	_	5 tell	mark
5	tell	tell	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	8 know	obj
7	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	8 know	nsubj
8	know	know	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 tell	ccomp
9	or	or	CCONJ	_	10 saw	cc
10	saw	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 know	conj
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 court	punct
12	especially	especially	ADV	_	15 court	advmod
13	in	in	ADP	_	15 court	case
14	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 court	det
15	court	court	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 saw	obl
16	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 oath	cc
17	on	on	ADP	_	18 oath	case
18	oath	oath	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 court	conj
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 tell	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	where	other	roles by
1	testify speech: other	to-infinitive				vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	be speech: assert	present			tell property	tree rules
3	know	present	you			vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer what=Stimulus
4	see	past	you not said here	a court and oath		vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

To testify is to show or prove something: the scars testify to the fight.

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 testify	mark
2	testify	testify	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 show	csubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 show	cop
4	to	to	PART	_	5 show	mark
5	show	show	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	or	or	CCONJ	_	7 prove	cc
7	prove	prove	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 show	conj
8	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	7 prove	obj
9	:	:	PUNCT	_	12 testify	punct
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 scars	det
11	scars	scar	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 testify	nsubj
12	testify	testify	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 show	parataxis
13	to	to	ADP	_	15 fight	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 fight	det
15	fight	fight	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 testify	obl
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 show	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	other	roles by
1	testify speech: other	to-infinitive					vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	is	present				show property	tree rules
3	prove	infinitive		something			vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme
4	testify speech: other	present	the scars		the fight		vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V PP.recipient PP.topic»: agent=Agent to fight=Recipient

Example 1

The boy was ready to testify in court.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 boy	det
2	boy	boy	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 ready	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 ready	cop
4	ready	ready	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	to	to	PART	_	6 testify	mark
6	testify	testify	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 ready	xcomp
7	in	in	ADP	_	8 court	case
8	court	court	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 testify	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 ready	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past	the boy					ready property	tree rules
2	testify speech: other	to-infinitive	the boy not said here			court			vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Example 2

The witnesses testified that they saw the man.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 witnesses	det
2	witnesses	witness	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 testified	nsubj
3	testified	testify	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	6 saw	mark
5	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 saw	nsubj
6	saw	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 testified	ccomp
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 man	det
8	man	man	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 saw	obj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 testified	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	testify speech: other	past	the witnesses						tree rules
2	see	past	witnesses = witness	the man					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer man=Stimulus

Example 3

The old stones testify to a long history.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 stones	det
2	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 stones	amod
3	stones	stone	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 testify	nsubj
4	testify	testify	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	to	to	ADP	_	8 history	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 history	det
7	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 history	amod
8	history	history	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 testify	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 testify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	testify speech: other	present	the old stones		a long history				vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V PP.recipient PP.topic»: agent=Agent to history=Recipient

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/T/testify/