testimony Who acts: someone, something, medals, her, personal story, faith · What happens: see, know, give, be, work, tell · To what, where: formal statement, court, proof, testimony, life, Bible · Speech: someone speaks here
«testimony» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: testimony in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.
A formal statement of what someone saw or knows, given in a court of law.
The tree, 15 words det amod case nmod nsubj acl:relcl cc conj punct acl case det obl case nmod punct root A DET formal ADJ statement NOUN of ADP what PRON someone PRON saw VERB or CCONJ knows VERB , PUNCT given VERB in ADP a DET court NOUN of ADP law NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 statement det 2 formal formal ADJ Degree=Pos 3 statement amod 3 statement statement NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 of of ADP _ 5 what case 5 what what PRON PronType=Rel 3 statement nmod 6 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 7 saw nsubj 7 saw see VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 what acl:relcl 8 or or CCONJ _ 9 knows cc 9 knows know VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 saw conj 10 , , PUNCT _ 11 given punct 11 given give VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 statement acl 12 in in ADP _ 14 court case 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 court det 14 court court NOUN Number=Sing 11 given obl 15 of of ADP _ 16 law case 16 law law NOUN Number=Sing 14 court nmod 17 . . PUNCT _ 3 statement punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 see past someone vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer 2 know present someone not said here vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer 3 give participle a formal statement not said here a court of law vn break_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Evidence or proof that something is true: «Her medals are testimony to her hard work».
The tree, 15 words cc conj mark nsubj cop acl punct punct nmod:poss nsubj cop parataxis case nmod:poss amod nmod punct punct root Evidence NOUN or CCONJ proof NOUN that SCONJ something PRON is AUX true ADJ : PUNCT « PUNCT Her PRON medals NOUN are AUX testimony NOUN to ADP her PRON hard ADJ work NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Evidence evidence NOUN Number=Sing root root 2 or or CCONJ _ 3 proof cc 3 proof proof NOUN Number=Sing 1 Evidence conj 4 that that SCONJ _ 7 true mark 5 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 7 true nsubj 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 true cop 7 true true ADJ Degree=Pos 3 proof acl 8 : : PUNCT _ 13 testimony punct 9 « « PUNCT _ 13 testimony punct 10 Her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 11 medals nmod:poss 11 medals medal NOUN Number=Plur 13 testimony nsubj 12 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 testimony cop 13 testimony testimony NOUN Number=Sing 7 true parataxis 14 to to ADP _ 17 work case 15 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 17 work nmod:poss 16 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 17 work amod 17 work work NOUN Number=Sing 13 testimony nmod 18 » » PUNCT _ 13 testimony punct 19 . . PUNCT _ 1 Evidence punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present something proof not said here true property tree rules 2 is a in a quote present Her medals testimony to her hard work tree rules 3 work in a quote her = she nom work «act intransitive»: poss=agent
Meaning 3 Usage: church — kept apart, not parsed.
A personal story a Christian tells about how faith changed their life; (Bible) the Ten Commandments are sometimes called the testimony.
The tree, 21 words det amod nsubj det nsubj mark advmod nsubj ccomp nmod:poss obj punct punct nsubj:pass punct det nummod nsubj:pass aux:pass advmod conj det xcomp punct root A DET personal ADJ story NOUN a DET Christian PROPN tells VERB about SCONJ how ADV faith NOUN changed VERB their PRON life NOUN ; PUNCT ( PUNCT Bible PROPN ) PUNCT the DET Ten NUM Commandments NOUN are AUX sometimes ADV called VERB the DET testimony NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 story det 2 personal personal ADJ Degree=Pos 3 story amod 3 story story NOUN Number=Sing 6 tells nsubj 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 Christian det 5 Christian Christian PROPN Number=Sing 6 tells nsubj 6 tells tell VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 about about SCONJ _ 10 changed mark 8 how how ADV PronType=Int 10 changed advmod 9 faith faith NOUN Number=Sing 10 changed nsubj 10 changed change VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 tells ccomp 11 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 12 life nmod:poss 12 life life NOUN Number=Sing 10 changed obj 13 ; ; PUNCT _ 22 called punct 14 ( ( PUNCT _ 15 Bible punct 15 Bible Bible PROPN Number=Sing 22 called nsubj:pass 16 ) ) PUNCT _ 15 Bible punct 17 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 19 Commandments det 18 Ten ten NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 19 Commandments nummod 19 Commandments commandment NOUN Number=Plur 22 called nsubj:pass 20 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 22 called aux:pass 21 sometimes sometimes ADV PronType=Ind 22 called advmod 22 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 tells conj 23 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 24 testimony det 24 testimony testimony NOUN Number=Sing 22 called xcomp 25 . . PUNCT _ 6 tells punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 tell speech: assert present a personal story vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 change past faith their life vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent life=Patient 3 call present · passive Bible sometimes property vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
Example 1 The witness gave testimony in court about the accident.
det nsubj obj case obl case det obl punct root The DET witness NOUN gave VERB testimony NOUN in ADP court NOUN about ADP the DET accident NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 witness det 2 witness witness NOUN Number=Sing 3 gave nsubj 3 gave give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 testimony testimony NOUN Number=Sing 3 gave obj 5 in in ADP _ 6 court case 6 court court NOUN Number=Sing 3 gave obl 7 about about ADP _ 9 accident case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 accident det 9 accident accident NOUN Number=Sing 3 gave obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 gave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give past the witness testimony court about the accident vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent testimony=Theme
Example 2 Her shiny trophies are testimony to years of practice.
nmod:poss amod nsubj cop case nmod case nmod punct root Her PRON shiny ADJ trophies NOUN are AUX testimony NOUN to ADP years NOUN of ADP practice NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 trophies nmod:poss 2 shiny shiny ADJ Degree=Pos 3 trophies amod 3 trophies trophy NOUN Number=Plur 5 testimony nsubj 4 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 testimony cop 5 testimony testimony NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 to to ADP _ 7 years case 7 years year NOUN Number=Plur 5 testimony nmod 8 of of ADP _ 9 practice case 9 practice practice NOUN Number=Sing 7 years nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 testimony punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Her shiny trophies testimony year tree rules
Example 3 The judge listened carefully to each testimony.
det nsubj advmod case det obl punct root The DET judge NOUN listened VERB carefully ADV to ADP each DET testimony NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 judge det 2 judge judge NOUN Number=Sing 3 listened nsubj 3 listened listen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 carefully carefully ADV _ 3 listened advmod 5 to to ADP _ 7 testimony case 6 each each DET PronType=Tot 7 testimony det 7 testimony testimony NOUN Number=Sing 3 listened obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 listened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 listen past the judge to each testimony; carefully property vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to testimony=Theme
Example 4 At church, Mrs Brown shared her testimony about how faith helped her through illness.
The tree, 14 words case obl punct nsubj flat nmod:poss obj mark advmod nsubj advcl obj case obl punct root At ADP church NOUN , PUNCT Mrs PROPN Brown PROPN shared VERB her PRON testimony NOUN about SCONJ how ADV faith NOUN helped VERB her PRON through ADP illness NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 At at ADP _ 2 church case 2 church church NOUN Number=Sing 6 shared obl 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 church punct 4 Mrs Mrs PROPN Number=Sing 6 shared nsubj 5 Brown Brown PROPN Number=Sing 4 Mrs flat 6 shared share VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 testimony nmod:poss 8 testimony testimony NOUN Number=Sing 6 shared obj 9 about about SCONJ _ 12 helped mark 10 how how ADV PronType=Int 12 helped advmod 11 faith faith NOUN Number=Sing 12 helped nsubj 12 helped help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 shared advcl 13 her she PRON Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 helped obj 14 through through ADP _ 15 illness case 15 illness illness NOUN Number=Sing 12 helped obl 16 . . PUNCT _ 6 shared punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 share past Mrs Mrs's testimony church tree rules 2 help past faith Mrs illness vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent she=Beneficiary 3 testify Mrs nom testimony «communication intransitive»: poss=agent
Example 5 The detective did not believe the man's testimony.
det nsubj aux advmod det nmod:poss case obj punct root The DET detective NOUN did AUX not PART believe VERB the DET man NOUN 's PART testimony NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 detective det 2 detective detective NOUN Number=Sing 5 believe nsubj 3 did do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 believe aux 4 not not PART Polarity=Neg 5 believe advmod 5 believe believe VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 man det 7 man man NOUN Number=Sing 9 testimony nmod:poss 8 's 's PART _ 7 man case 9 testimony testimony NOUN Number=Sing 5 believe obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 believe punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not believe past · do-support the detective the man's testimony vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer testimony=Stimulus 2 testify the man nom testimony «communication intransitive»: poss=agent
Example 6 The old bridge is a testimony to the skill of its builders.
det amod nsubj cop det case det nmod case nmod:poss nmod punct root The DET old ADJ bridge NOUN is AUX a DET testimony NOUN to ADP the DET skill NOUN of ADP its PRON builders NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 bridge det 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 3 bridge amod 3 bridge bridge NOUN Number=Sing 6 testimony nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 testimony cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 testimony det 6 testimony testimony NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 to to ADP _ 9 skill case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 skill det 9 skill skill NOUN Number=Sing 6 testimony nmod 10 of of ADP _ 12 builders case 11 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 12 builders nmod:poss 12 builders builder NOUN Number=Plur 9 skill nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 testimony punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the old bridge a testimony to the skill of bridge's builders tree rules
Example 7 “If you object to the testimony of the chief person present, in what way are we to obtain evidence?” the king demanded.
The tree, 22 words punct mark nsubj nsubj case det nmod case det amod compound nmod punct case appos obl:unmarked cop nsubj mark parataxis obj punct punct det nsubj punct root “ PUNCT If SCONJ you PRON object NOUN to ADP the DET testimony NOUN of ADP the DET chief ADJ person NOUN present NOUN , PUNCT in ADP what PRON way NOUN are AUX we PRON to PART obtain VERB evidence NOUN ? PUNCT ” PUNCT the DET king NOUN demanded VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 “ " PUNCT _ 4 object punct 2 If if SCONJ _ 4 object mark 3 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 4 object nsubj 4 object object NOUN Number=Sing 20 obtain nsubj 5 to to ADP _ 7 testimony case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 testimony det 7 testimony testimony NOUN Number=Sing 4 object nmod 8 of of ADP _ 12 present case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 present det 10 chief chief ADJ Degree=Pos 12 present amod 11 person person NOUN Number=Sing 12 present compound 12 present present NOUN Number=Sing 7 testimony nmod 13 , , PUNCT _ 15 what punct 14 in in ADP _ 15 what case 15 what what PRON PronType=Int 4 object appos 16 way way NOUN Number=Sing 15 what obl:unmarked 17 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 20 obtain cop 18 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 20 obtain nsubj 19 to to PART _ 20 obtain mark 20 obtain obtain VERB VerbForm=Inf 26 demanded parataxis 21 evidence evidence NOUN Number=Sing 20 obtain obj 22 ? ? PUNCT _ 20 obtain punct 23 ” " PUNCT _ 20 obtain punct 24 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 25 king det 25 king king NOUN Number=Sing 26 demanded nsubj 26 demanded demand VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 27 . . PUNCT _ 26 demanded punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 object speech: other a condition, not said to happen, in a quote you to the testimony of the chief person present tree rules 2 is in a quote present object obtain property tree rules 3 demand speech: request past the king vn require-103-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Theme clause=Precondition 4 testify in a quote the chief person present nom testimony «communication intransitive»: of=agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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