testudo Who acts: testudo, soldiers, legionaries, shields, class, arrows · What happens: be, stand, hold, protect, form, make · To what, where: Roman army formation, shields, front, soldiers, scientific name, testudo
«testudo» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: testudo in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Usage: history — kept apart, not parsed.
A testudo was a Roman army formation: soldiers stood close together and held their shields in front of them and over their heads, like a tortoise's shell, to protect themselves from arrows and stones.
The tree, 35 words det nsubj cop det amod compound punct nsubj parataxis advmod advmod cc conj nmod:poss obj case obl case nmod cc case nmod:poss conj punct case det nmod:poss case obl punct mark advcl obj case obl cc conj punct root A DET testudo NOUN was AUX a DET Roman ADJ army NOUN formation NOUN : PUNCT soldiers NOUN stood VERB close ADV together ADV and CCONJ held VERB their PRON shields NOUN in ADP front NOUN of ADP them PRON and CCONJ over ADP their PRON heads NOUN , PUNCT like ADP a DET tortoise NOUN 's PART shell NOUN , PUNCT to PART protect VERB themselves PRON from ADP arrows NOUN and CCONJ stones NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 testudo det 2 testudo testudo NOUN Number=Sing 7 formation nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 formation cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 formation det 5 Roman roman ADJ Degree=Pos 7 formation amod 6 army army NOUN Number=Sing 7 formation compound 7 formation formation NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 : : PUNCT _ 10 stood punct 9 soldiers soldier NOUN Number=Plur 10 stood nsubj 10 stood stand VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 formation parataxis 11 close close ADV Degree=Pos 12 together advmod 12 together together ADV _ 10 stood advmod 13 and and CCONJ _ 14 held cc 14 held hold VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 10 stood conj 15 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 16 shields nmod:poss 16 shields shield NOUN Number=Plur 14 held obj 17 in in ADP _ 18 front case 18 front front NOUN Number=Sing 14 held obl 19 of of ADP _ 20 them case 20 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 18 front nmod 21 and and CCONJ _ 24 heads cc 22 over over ADP _ 24 heads case 23 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 24 heads nmod:poss 24 heads head NOUN Number=Plur 20 them conj 25 , , PUNCT _ 30 shell punct 26 like like ADP _ 30 shell case 27 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 28 tortoise det 28 tortoise tortoise NOUN Number=Sing 30 shell nmod:poss 29 's 's PART _ 28 tortoise case 30 shell shell NOUN Number=Sing 10 stood obl 31 , , PUNCT _ 33 protect punct 32 to to PART _ 33 protect mark 33 protect protect VERB VerbForm=Inf 10 stood advcl 34 themselves themselves PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes 33 protect obj 35 from from ADP _ 36 arrows case 36 arrows arrow NOUN Number=Plur 33 protect obl 37 and and CCONJ _ 38 stones cc 38 stones stone NOUN Number=Plur 36 arrows conj 39 . . PUNCT _ 7 formation punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past a testudo a Roman army formation tree rules 2 stand past soldiers like a tortoise's shell; together property vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 hold past soldiers not said here soldiers's shields front of soldiers vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent shield=Theme in front=Location 4 protect to-infinitive soldiers not said here soldiers = soldier from arrows and stones vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent themselves=Beneficiary from arrow=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.
Testudo is the scientific name of a group of tortoises, such as the Greek tortoise and Hermann's tortoise.
The tree, 19 words nsubj cop det amod case det nmod case nmod punct case fixed det amod conj cc nmod:poss case conj punct root Testudo NOUN is AUX the DET scientific ADJ name NOUN of ADP a DET group NOUN of ADP tortoises NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP the DET Greek ADJ tortoise NOUN and CCONJ Hermann PROPN 's PART tortoise NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Testudo testudo NOUN Number=Sing 5 name nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 name cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 name det 4 scientific scientific ADJ Degree=Pos 5 name amod 5 name name NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 8 group case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 group det 8 group group NOUN Number=Sing 5 name nmod 9 of of ADP _ 10 tortoises case 10 tortoises tortoise NOUN Number=Plur 8 group nmod 11 , , PUNCT _ 16 tortoise punct 12 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 16 tortoise case 13 as as ADP _ 12 such fixed 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 16 tortoise det 15 Greek Greek ADJ Degree=Pos 16 tortoise amod 16 tortoise tortoise NOUN Number=Sing 8 group conj 17 and and CCONJ _ 20 tortoise cc 18 Hermann Hermann PROPN Number=Sing 20 tortoise nmod:poss 19 's 's PART _ 18 Hermann case 20 tortoise tortoise NOUN Number=Sing 16 tortoise conj 21 . . PUNCT _ 5 name punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Testudo the scientific name of a group of tortoises and the Greek tortoise and Hermann's tortoise tree rules
Example 1 The legionaries formed a testudo to protect themselves.
det nsubj det obj mark advcl obj punct root The DET legionaries NOUN formed VERB a DET testudo NOUN to PART protect VERB themselves PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 legionaries det 2 legionaries legionary NOUN Number=Plur 3 formed nsubj 3 formed form VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 testudo det 5 testudo testudo NOUN Number=Sing 3 formed obj 6 to to PART _ 7 protect mark 7 protect protect VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 formed advcl 8 themselves themselves PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes 7 protect obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 formed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 form past the legionaries a testudo vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location testudo=Theme 2 protect to-infinitive the legionaries not said here legionaries = legionary vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent themselves=Beneficiary
Example 2 In the testudo, the soldiers' shields made a roof.
case det obl punct det nmod:poss case nsubj det obj punct root In ADP the DET testudo NOUN , PUNCT the DET soldiers NOUN ' PART shields NOUN made VERB a DET roof NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 testudo case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 testudo det 3 testudo testudo NOUN Number=Sing 9 made obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 testudo punct 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 soldiers det 6 soldiers soldier NOUN Number=Plur 8 shields nmod:poss 7 ' 's PART _ 6 soldiers case 8 shields shield NOUN Number=Plur 9 made nsubj 9 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 roof det 11 roof roof NOUN Number=Sing 9 made obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 9 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past the soldiers's shields a roof the testudo vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material roof=Product
Example 3 Testudo is Latin for tortoise.
nsubj cop case obl punct root Testudo NOUN is AUX Latin ADJ for ADP tortoise NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Testudo testudo NOUN Number=Sing 3 Latin nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 Latin cop 3 Latin Latin ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 for for ADP _ 5 tortoise case 5 tortoise tortoise NOUN Number=Sing 3 Latin obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 Latin punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Testudo for tortoise; latin property tree rules
Example 4 Our class made a testudo with cardboard shields.
nmod:poss nsubj det obj case compound nmod punct root Our PRON class NOUN made VERB a DET testudo NOUN with ADP cardboard NOUN shields NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 class nmod:poss 2 class class NOUN Number=Sing 3 made nsubj 3 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 testudo det 5 testudo testudo NOUN Number=Sing 3 made obj 6 with with ADP _ 8 shields case 7 cardboard cardboard NOUN Number=Sing 8 shields compound 8 shields shield NOUN Number=Plur 5 testudo nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past Our class a testudo with cardboard shields vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset testudo=Product
Example 5 The arrows bounced off the testudo.
det acl case det obl punct root The DET arrows NOUN bounced VERB off ADP the DET testudo NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 arrows det 2 arrows arrow NOUN Number=Plur root root 3 bounced bounce VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 arrows acl 4 off off ADP _ 6 testudo case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 testudo det 6 testudo testudo NOUN Number=Sing 3 bounced obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 arrows punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 bounce off participle the arrows not said here the testudo vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent testudo=Agent
Example 6 Hermann's tortoise belongs to the genus Testudo.
nmod:poss case nsubj case det obl appos punct root Hermann PROPN 's PART tortoise NOUN belongs VERB to ADP the DET genus NOUN Testudo PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hermann Hermann PROPN Number=Sing 3 tortoise nmod:poss 2 's 's PART _ 1 Hermann case 3 tortoise tortoise NOUN Number=Sing 4 belongs nsubj 4 belongs belong VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 to to ADP _ 7 genus case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 genus det 7 genus genus NOUN Number=Sing 4 belongs obl 8 Testudo Testudo PROPN Number=Sing 7 genus appos 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 belongs punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 belong present Hermann's tortoise to the genus vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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