toad Who acts: toad, short legs, Calling, old insult, skin, Toads · What happens: be, make, walk, hop, call, mean · To what, where: small animal, toad, someone, old insult, nasty person, dry warty skin · Speech: someone speaks here
«toad» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: toad in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A toad is a small animal like a frog, an amphibian, usually with dry, bumpy skin and short legs that make it walk or hop rather than leap.
The tree, 28 words det nsubj cop det amod case det nmod punct det conj punct advmod case amod punct amod parataxis cc amod conj nsubj acl:relcl obj xcomp cc conj cc fixed conj punct root A DET toad NOUN is AUX a DET small ADJ animal NOUN like ADP a DET frog NOUN , PUNCT an DET amphibian NOUN , PUNCT usually ADV with ADP dry ADJ , PUNCT bumpy ADJ skin NOUN and CCONJ short ADJ legs NOUN that PRON make VERB it PRON walk VERB or CCONJ hop VERB rather ADV than ADP leap NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 toad det 2 toad toad NOUN Number=Sing 6 animal nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 animal cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 animal det 5 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 6 animal amod 6 animal animal NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 like like ADP _ 9 frog case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 frog det 9 frog frog NOUN Number=Sing 6 animal nmod 10 , , PUNCT _ 12 amphibian punct 11 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 amphibian det 12 amphibian amphibian NOUN Number=Sing 9 frog conj 13 , , PUNCT _ 19 skin punct 14 usually usually ADV _ 19 skin advmod 15 with with ADP _ 19 skin case 16 dry dry ADJ Degree=Pos 19 skin amod 17 , , PUNCT _ 16 dry punct 18 bumpy bumpy ADJ Degree=Pos 19 skin amod 19 skin skin NOUN Number=Sing 6 animal parataxis 20 and and CCONJ _ 22 legs cc 21 short short ADJ Degree=Pos 22 legs amod 22 legs leg NOUN Number=Plur 19 skin conj 23 that that PRON PronType=Rel 24 make nsubj 24 make make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 22 legs acl:relcl 25 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 24 make obj 26 walk walk VERB VerbForm=Inf 24 make xcomp 27 or or CCONJ _ 28 hop cc 28 hop hop VERB VerbForm=Inf 26 walk conj 29 rather rather ADV ExtPos=CCONJ 31 leap cc 30 than than ADP _ 29 rather fixed 31 leap leap NOUN Number=Sing 28 hop conj 32 . . PUNCT _ 6 animal punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a toad a small animal like a frog and a amphibian tree rules 2 make present short legs toad tree rules 3 walk infinitive toad not said here vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 4 hop infinitive toad not said here vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Calling someone a toad is an old insult meaning a nasty person.
csubj obj det obj cop det amod acl det amod obj punct root Calling VERB someone PRON a DET toad NOUN is AUX an DET old ADJ insult NOUN meaning VERB a DET nasty ADJ person NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Calling call VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 insult csubj 2 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 1 Calling obj 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 toad det 4 toad toad NOUN Number=Sing 1 Calling obj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 insult cop 6 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 insult det 7 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 8 insult amod 8 insult insult NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 meaning mean VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 insult acl 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 person det 11 nasty nasty ADJ Degree=Pos 12 person amod 12 person person NOUN Number=Sing 9 meaning obj 13 . . PUNCT _ 8 insult punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call gerund someone vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent someone=Theme toad=Result 2 is a present Calling a old insult tree rules 3 mean gerund a old insult not said here a nasty person vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent person=Topic
Example 1 A toad has dry, warty skin, but a frog's skin is smooth and wet.
The tree, 15 words det nsubj amod punct amod obj punct cc det nmod:poss case nsubj cop conj cc conj punct root A DET toad NOUN has VERB dry ADJ , PUNCT warty ADJ skin NOUN , PUNCT but CCONJ a DET frog NOUN 's PART skin NOUN is AUX smooth ADJ and CCONJ wet ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 toad det 2 toad toad NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 dry dry ADJ Degree=Pos 7 skin amod 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 dry punct 6 warty warty ADJ Degree=Pos 7 skin amod 7 skin skin NOUN Number=Sing 3 has obj 8 , , PUNCT _ 15 smooth punct 9 but but CCONJ _ 15 smooth cc 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 frog det 11 frog frog NOUN Number=Sing 13 skin nmod:poss 12 's 's PART _ 11 frog case 13 skin skin NOUN Number=Sing 15 smooth nsubj 14 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 15 smooth cop 15 smooth smooth ADJ Degree=Pos 3 has conj 16 and and CCONJ _ 17 wet cc 17 wet wet ADJ Degree=Pos 15 smooth conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present a toad dry warty skin vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skin=Patient 2 is present a frog's skin smooth property tree rules 3 be a frog's skin not said here tree rules
Example 2 Toads lay their eggs in long strings.
nsubj nmod:poss obj case amod obl punct root Toads NOUN lay VERB their PRON eggs NOUN in ADP long ADJ strings NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Toads toad NOUN Number=Plur 2 lay nsubj 2 lay lay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 eggs nmod:poss 4 eggs egg NOUN Number=Plur 2 lay obj 5 in in ADP _ 7 strings case 6 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 7 strings amod 7 strings string NOUN Number=Plur 2 lay obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 lay punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lay present Toads Toads's eggs long strings vn put_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent egg=Theme in string=Destination
Example 3 The tadpoles will grow into toads.
det nsubj aux case obl punct root The DET tadpoles NOUN will AUX grow VERB into ADP toads NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 tadpoles det 2 tadpoles tadpole NOUN Number=Plur 4 grow nsubj 3 will will AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 grow aux 4 grow grow VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 into into ADP _ 6 toads case 6 toads toad NOUN Number=Plur 4 grow obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 grow punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 grow future the tadpoles into toads result vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into toad=Result
Example 4 Cane toads are a big problem in Queensland.
compound nsubj cop det amod case nmod punct root Cane NOUN toads NOUN are AUX a DET big ADJ problem NOUN in ADP Queensland PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Cane cane NOUN Number=Sing 2 toads compound 2 toads toad NOUN Number=Plur 6 problem nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 problem cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 problem det 5 big big ADJ Degree=Pos 6 problem amod 6 problem problem NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 in in ADP _ 8 Queensland case 8 Queensland Queensland PROPN Number=Sing 6 problem nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 problem punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Cane toads a big problem Queensland tree rules
Example 5 Wash your hands after holding a toad.
nmod:poss obj mark advcl det obj punct root Wash VERB your PRON hands NOUN after SCONJ holding VERB a DET toad NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Wash wash VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 hands nmod:poss 3 hands hand NOUN Number=Plur 1 Wash obj 4 after after SCONJ _ 5 holding mark 5 holding hold VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 1 Wash advcl 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 toad det 7 toad toad NOUN Number=Sing 5 holding obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 1 Wash punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 wash imperative you not said here your hands vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Patient 2 hold gerund you not said here a toad vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toad=Theme
Example 6 Mr Toad loved fast cars.
nsubj flat amod obj punct root Mr PROPN Toad PROPN loved VERB fast ADJ cars NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mr Mr PROPN Number=Sing 3 loved nsubj 2 Toad Toad PROPN Number=Sing 1 Mr flat 3 loved love VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 fast fast ADJ Degree=Pos 5 cars amod 5 cars car NOUN Number=Plur 3 loved obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 loved punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 love past Mr fast cars vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer car=Stimulus
Example 7 A toad sat very still by the pond, waiting for a fly.
det nsubj advmod advmod case det obl punct advcl case det obl punct root A DET toad NOUN sat VERB very ADV still ADV by ADP the DET pond NOUN , PUNCT waiting VERB for ADP a DET fly NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 toad det 2 toad toad NOUN Number=Sing 3 sat nsubj 3 sat sit VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 very very ADV _ 5 still advmod 5 still still ADV _ 3 sat advmod 6 by by ADP _ 8 pond case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 pond det 8 pond pond NOUN Number=Sing 3 sat obl 9 , , PUNCT _ 10 waiting punct 10 waiting wait VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 sat advcl 11 for for ADP _ 13 fly case 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 fly det 13 fly fly NOUN Number=Sing 10 waiting obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 3 sat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sit past a toad still by the pond vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent by pond=Location 2 wait gerund a toad not said here for a fly vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 8 Listen!” replied the great old toad.
punct punct parataxis det amod amod obj punct root Listen VERB ! PUNCT ” PUNCT replied VERB the DET great ADJ old ADJ toad NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Listen listen VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 ! ! PUNCT _ 1 Listen punct 3 ” " PUNCT _ 1 Listen punct 4 replied reply VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 1 Listen parataxis 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 toad det 6 great great ADJ Degree=Pos 8 toad amod 7 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 8 toad amod 8 toad toad NOUN Number=Sing 4 replied obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 1 Listen punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 listen imperative you not said here tree rules 2 reply speech: assert in a quote past the great old toad vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent toad=Topic
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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