topping Who acts: topping, favourite pizza topping, We, crumble topping, boy, Mum · What happens: be, put, mean, top up, fill up, top · To what, where: food, top, ing form, charts, number, them · Speech: someone speaks here
«topping» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: topping in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A topping is food put on top of another food: pizza toppings, an ice-cream topping, a crumble topping.
The tree, 19 words det nsubj cop acl case obl case det nmod punct compound conj punct det compound punct compound conj punct det compound conj punct root A DET topping NOUN is AUX food NOUN put VERB on ADP top NOUN of ADP another DET food NOUN : PUNCT pizza NOUN toppings NOUN , PUNCT an DET ice NOUN - PUNCT cream NOUN topping NOUN , PUNCT a DET crumble NOUN topping NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 topping det 2 topping topping NOUN Number=Sing 4 food nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 food cop 4 food food NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 put put VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 food acl 6 on on ADP _ 7 top case 7 top top NOUN Number=Sing 5 put obl 8 of of ADP _ 10 food case 9 another another DET PronType=Ind 10 food det 10 food food NOUN Number=Sing 7 top nmod 11 : : PUNCT _ 13 toppings punct 12 pizza pizza NOUN Number=Sing 13 toppings compound 13 toppings topping NOUN Number=Plur 4 food conj 14 , , PUNCT _ 19 topping punct 15 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 19 topping det 16 ice ice NOUN Number=Sing 18 cream compound 17 - - PUNCT _ 16 ice punct 18 cream cream NOUN Number=Sing 19 topping compound 19 topping topping NOUN Number=Sing 13 toppings conj 20 , , PUNCT _ 23 topping punct 21 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 23 topping det 22 crumble crumble NOUN Number=Sing 23 topping compound 23 topping topping NOUN Number=Sing 13 toppings conj 24 . . PUNCT _ 4 food punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a topping food and pizza toppings and a cream topping and a crumble topping tree rules 2 put participle food and pizza toppings and a cream topping and a crumble topping not said here top of another food vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent on top=Destination
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: old-fashioned UK slang — kept apart, not parsed.
Topping means excellent, splendid.
nsubj xcomp punct conj punct root Topping NOUN means VERB excellent ADJ , PUNCT splendid ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Topping topping NOUN Number=Sing 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 excellent excellent ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means xcomp 4 , , PUNCT _ 5 splendid punct 5 splendid splendid ADJ Degree=Pos 3 excellent conj 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Topping excellent property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
"What a topping idea!" (now mostly used jokingly, like in old school stories).
Sentence 1: "What a topping idea!"
punct nsubj det compound punct punct root " PUNCT What PRON a DET topping NOUN idea NOUN ! PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 5 idea punct 2 What what PRON PronType=Int 5 idea nsubj 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 idea det 4 topping topping NOUN Number=Sing 5 idea compound 5 idea idea NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 ! ! PUNCT _ 5 idea punct 7 " " PUNCT _ 5 idea punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Sentence 2: (now mostly used jokingly, like in old school stories).
punct advmod advmod advmod punct case case amod compound conj punct punct root ( PUNCT now ADV mostly ADV used VERB jokingly ADV , PUNCT like ADP in ADP old ADJ school NOUN stories NOUN ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 4 used punct 2 now now ADV PronType=Dem 4 used advmod 3 mostly mostly ADV _ 4 used advmod 4 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 jokingly jokingly ADV _ 4 used advmod 6 , , PUNCT _ 11 stories punct 7 like like ADP _ 11 stories case 8 in in ADP _ 11 stories case 9 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 11 stories amod 10 school school NOUN Number=Sing 11 stories compound 11 stories story NOUN Number=Plur 4 used conj 12 ) ) PUNCT _ 11 stories punct 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use participle now jokingly, mostly property vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Meaning 3 Usage: verb form — kept apart, not parsed.
Topping is the -ing form of "top", as in "topping up" (filling up again) or "topping the charts" (being number one).
The tree, 21 words nsubj cop det punct compound case punct nmod punct punct mark mark punct advcl compound:prt punct punct advcl compound:prt advmod punct cc punct conj det obj punct punct cop conj flat punct punct root Topping NOUN is AUX the DET - PUNCT ing NOUN form NOUN of ADP " PUNCT top NOUN " PUNCT , PUNCT as SCONJ in SCONJ " PUNCT topping VERB up ADP " PUNCT ( PUNCT filling VERB up ADP again ADV ) PUNCT or CCONJ " PUNCT topping VERB the DET charts NOUN " PUNCT ( PUNCT being AUX number NOUN one NUM ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Topping topping NOUN Number=Sing 6 form nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 form cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 form det 4 - - PUNCT _ 3 the punct 5 ing ing NOUN Number=Sing 6 form compound 6 form form NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 of of ADP _ 9 top case 8 " " PUNCT _ 9 top punct 9 top top NOUN Number=Sing 6 form nmod 10 " " PUNCT _ 9 top punct 11 , , PUNCT _ 15 topping punct 12 as as SCONJ _ 15 topping mark 13 in in SCONJ _ 15 topping mark 14 " " PUNCT _ 15 topping punct 15 topping top VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 6 form advcl 16 up up ADP _ 15 topping compound:prt 17 " " PUNCT _ 15 topping punct 18 ( ( PUNCT _ 19 filling punct 19 filling fill VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 15 topping advcl 20 up up ADP _ 19 filling compound:prt 21 again again ADV _ 19 filling advmod 22 ) ) PUNCT _ 19 filling punct 23 or or CCONJ _ 25 topping cc 24 " " PUNCT _ 25 topping punct 25 topping top VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 15 topping conj 26 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 27 charts det 27 charts chart NOUN Number=Plur 25 topping obj 28 " " PUNCT _ 25 topping punct 29 ( ( PUNCT _ 31 number punct 30 being be AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 31 number cop 31 number number NOUN Number=Sing 6 form conj 32 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 31 number flat 33 ) ) PUNCT _ 31 number punct 34 . . PUNCT _ 6 form punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Topping the ing form and number of top tree rules 2 top up in a quote gerund Topping not said here vn contiguous_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme 3 fill up gerund Topping not said here again vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 4 top in a quote gerund Topping not said here the charts vn contiguous_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme chart=Co-Theme 5 is a gerund Topping not said here number tree rules
Meaning 4 Usage: old UK slang — kept apart, not parsed.
"Topping" someone meant killing them; it is old crime-story language.
The tree, 11 words punct nsubj punct nsubj xcomp obj punct nsubj cop amod compound punct compound conj punct root " PUNCT Topping NOUN " PUNCT someone PRON meant VERB killing VERB them PRON ; PUNCT it PRON is AUX old ADJ crime NOUN - PUNCT story NOUN language NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 2 Topping punct 2 Topping topping NOUN Number=Sing 5 meant nsubj 3 " " PUNCT _ 2 Topping punct 4 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 5 meant nsubj 5 meant mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 killing kill VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 meant xcomp 7 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 killing obj 8 ; ; PUNCT _ 15 language punct 9 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 language nsubj 10 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 15 language cop 11 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 15 language amod 12 crime crime NOUN Number=Sing 14 story compound 13 - - PUNCT _ 12 crime punct 14 story story NOUN Number=Sing 15 language compound 15 language language NOUN Number=Sing 5 meant conj 16 . . PUNCT _ 5 meant punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean past Topping vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 kill not said to happen gerund Topping not said here them = they vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme 3 is a present Topping old story language tree rules
Example 1 My favourite pizza topping is pineapple.
nmod:poss amod compound nsubj cop punct root My PRON favourite ADJ pizza NOUN topping NOUN is AUX pineapple NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 topping nmod:poss 2 favourite favourite ADJ Degree=Pos 4 topping amod 3 pizza pizza NOUN Number=Sing 4 topping compound 4 topping topping NOUN Number=Sing 6 pineapple nsubj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 pineapple cop 6 pineapple pineapple NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 . . PUNCT _ 6 pineapple punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present My favourite pizza topping pineapple tree rules
Example 2 We had pancakes with chocolate topping.
nsubj obj case compound obl punct root We PRON had VERB pancakes NOUN with ADP chocolate NOUN topping NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 had nsubj 2 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 pancakes pancake NOUN Number=Plur 2 had obj 4 with with ADP _ 6 topping case 5 chocolate chocolate NOUN Number=Sing 6 topping compound 6 topping topping NOUN Number=Sing 2 had obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past We pancakes with chocolate topping vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pancake=Patient
Example 3 The crumble topping was golden and crunchy.
det compound nsubj cop cc conj punct root The DET crumble NOUN topping NOUN was AUX golden ADJ and CCONJ crunchy ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 topping det 2 crumble crumble NOUN Number=Sing 3 topping compound 3 topping topping NOUN Number=Sing 5 golden nsubj 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 golden cop 5 golden golden ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 crunchy cc 7 crunchy crunchy ADJ Degree=Pos 5 golden conj 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 golden punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the crumble topping golden property tree rules 2 be the crumble topping not said here tree rules
Example 4 "What a topping day!" said the boy in the old story.
The tree, 11 words punct nsubj det compound ccomp punct punct det nsubj case det amod obl punct root " PUNCT What PRON a DET topping NOUN day NOUN ! PUNCT " PUNCT said VERB the DET boy NOUN in ADP the DET old ADJ story NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 5 day punct 2 What what PRON PronType=Int 5 day nsubj 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 day det 4 topping topping NOUN Number=Sing 5 day compound 5 day day NOUN Number=Sing 8 said ccomp 6 ! ! PUNCT _ 5 day punct 7 " " PUNCT _ 5 day punct 8 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 boy det 10 boy boy NOUN Number=Sing 8 said nsubj 11 in in ADP _ 14 story case 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 story det 13 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 14 story amod 14 story story NOUN Number=Sing 8 said obl 15 . . PUNCT _ 8 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 day in a quote tree rules 2 say speech: express past the boy the old story vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: agent=Agent in story=Manner
Example 5 Mum is topping up my phone credit.
nsubj aux compound:prt nmod:poss compound obj punct root Mum NOUN is AUX topping VERB up ADP my PRON phone NOUN credit NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mum mum NOUN Number=Sing 3 topping nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 topping aux 3 topping top VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 up up ADP _ 3 topping compound:prt 5 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 credit nmod:poss 6 phone phone NOUN Number=Sing 7 credit compound 7 credit credit NOUN Number=Sing 3 topping obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 topping punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 top up present · progressive Mum my phone credit vn contiguous_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme credit=Co-Theme 2 credit my nom credit «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 6 Our team is topping the league this year.
nmod:poss nsubj aux det obj det obl:unmarked punct root Our PRON team NOUN is AUX topping VERB the DET league NOUN this DET year NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 team nmod:poss 2 team team NOUN Number=Sing 4 topping nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 topping aux 4 topping top VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 league det 6 league league NOUN Number=Sing 4 topping obj 7 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 8 year det 8 year year NOUN Number=Sing 4 topping obl:unmarked 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 topping punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 top present · progressive Our team the league year vn contiguous_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme league=Co-Theme
Example 7 If a pizza can have 3 toppings from 6 choices, there are 20 different pizzas.
The tree, 15 words mark det nsubj aux advcl nummod obj case nummod nmod punct expl nummod amod nsubj punct root If SCONJ a DET pizza NOUN can AUX have VERB 3 NUM toppings NOUN from ADP 6 NUM choices NOUN , PUNCT there PRON are VERB 20 NUM different ADJ pizzas NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 If if SCONJ _ 5 have mark 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 pizza det 3 pizza pizza NOUN Number=Sing 5 have nsubj 4 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 have aux 5 have have VERB VerbForm=Inf 13 are advcl 6 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 7 toppings nummod 7 toppings topping NOUN Number=Plur 5 have obj 8 from from ADP _ 10 choices case 9 6 6 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 10 choices nummod 10 choices choice NOUN Number=Plur 7 toppings nmod 11 , , PUNCT _ 5 have punct 12 there there PRON PronType=Dem 13 are expl 13 are be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 14 20 20 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 16 pizzas nummod 15 different different ADJ Degree=Pos 16 pizzas amod 16 pizzas pizza NOUN Number=Plur 13 are nsubj 17 . . PUNCT _ 13 are punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have a condition, not said to happen can a pizza 3 toppings 6 choices vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent topping=Patient 2 does present 20 different pizzas there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 8 “How topping!” said John and Michael.
punct advmod ccomp punct punct nsubj cc conj punct root “ PUNCT How ADV topping VERB ! PUNCT ” PUNCT said VERB John PROPN and CCONJ Michael PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 “ " PUNCT _ 3 topping punct 2 How how ADV PronType=Int 3 topping advmod 3 topping top VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 said ccomp 4 ! ! PUNCT _ 3 topping punct 5 ” " PUNCT _ 3 topping punct 6 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 John John PROPN Number=Sing 6 said nsubj 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 Michael cc 9 Michael Michael PROPN Number=Sing 7 John conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 top in a quote gerund vn contiguous_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme 2 say speech: express past John and Michael vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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