topsoil Who acts: Topsoil, most plants, Worms, Heavy rain, We, Trees · What happens: be, grow, mix, rot, wash away, buy · To what, where: top layer, roots, topsoil, rotting leaves, 3 bags, hundreds
«topsoil» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: topsoil in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Topsoil is the top layer of soil, usually dark, rich and full of nutrients, where most plants grow their roots.
The tree, 20 words nsubj cop det amod case nmod punct advmod parataxis punct conj cc conj case obl punct advmod amod nsubj parataxis nmod:poss obj punct root Topsoil NOUN is AUX the DET top ADJ layer NOUN of ADP soil NOUN , PUNCT usually ADV dark ADJ , PUNCT rich ADJ and CCONJ full ADJ of ADP nutrients NOUN , PUNCT where ADV most ADJ plants NOUN grow VERB their PRON roots NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Topsoil topsoil NOUN Number=Sing 5 layer nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 layer cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 layer det 4 top top ADJ Degree=Pos 5 layer amod 5 layer layer NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 7 soil case 7 soil soil NOUN Number=Sing 5 layer nmod 8 , , PUNCT _ 10 dark punct 9 usually usually ADV _ 10 dark advmod 10 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 5 layer parataxis 11 , , PUNCT _ 12 rich punct 12 rich rich ADJ Degree=Pos 10 dark conj 13 and and CCONJ _ 14 full cc 14 full full ADJ Degree=Pos 10 dark conj 15 of of ADP _ 16 nutrients case 16 nutrients nutrient NOUN Number=Plur 14 full obl 17 , , PUNCT _ 21 grow punct 18 where where ADV PronType=Rel 21 grow advmod 19 most most ADJ Degree=Sup 20 plants amod 20 plants plant NOUN Number=Plur 21 grow nsubj 21 grow grow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 dark parataxis 22 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 23 roots nmod:poss 23 roots root NOUN Number=Plur 21 grow obj 24 . . PUNCT _ 5 layer punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Topsoil the top layer of soil tree rules 2 grow present most plants plants's roots vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location root=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Example 1 Most plants grow their roots in the topsoil.
amod nsubj nmod:poss obj case det obl punct root Most ADJ plants NOUN grow VERB their PRON roots NOUN in ADP the DET topsoil NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Most most ADJ Degree=Sup 2 plants amod 2 plants plant NOUN Number=Plur 3 grow nsubj 3 grow grow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 roots nmod:poss 5 roots root NOUN Number=Plur 3 grow obj 6 in in ADP _ 8 topsoil case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 topsoil det 8 topsoil topsoil NOUN Number=Sing 3 grow obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 grow punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 grow present Most plants plants's roots the topsoil vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location root=Theme
Example 2 Worms mix rotting leaves into the topsoil.
nsubj amod obj case det obl punct root Worms NOUN mix VERB rotting VERB leaves NOUN into ADP the DET topsoil NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Worms worm NOUN Number=Plur 2 mix nsubj 2 mix mix VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 rotting rot VERB VerbForm=Ger 4 leaves amod 4 leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 2 mix obj 5 into into ADP _ 7 topsoil case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 topsoil det 7 topsoil topsoil NOUN Number=Sing 2 mix obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 mix punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mix present Worms rotting leaves into the topsoil vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent leaf=Patient into topsoil=Co-Patient 2 rot gerund vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 3 Heavy rain can wash away the topsoil.
amod nsubj aux advmod det obj punct root Heavy ADJ rain NOUN can AUX wash VERB away ADV the DET topsoil NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Heavy heavy ADJ Degree=Pos 2 rain amod 2 rain rain NOUN Number=Sing 4 wash nsubj 3 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 wash aux 4 wash wash VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 away away ADV _ 4 wash advmod 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 topsoil det 7 topsoil topsoil NOUN Number=Sing 4 wash obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 wash punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 wash away can Heavy rain the topsoil away property vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent topsoil=Patient
Example 4 We bought 3 bags of topsoil for the vegetable patch.
nsubj nummod obj case nmod case det compound nmod punct root We PRON bought VERB 3 NUM bags NOUN of ADP topsoil NOUN for ADP the DET vegetable NOUN patch NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 bought nsubj 2 bought buy VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 4 bags nummod 4 bags bag NOUN Number=Plur 2 bought obj 5 of of ADP _ 6 topsoil case 6 topsoil topsoil NOUN Number=Sing 4 bags nmod 7 for for ADP _ 10 patch case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 patch det 9 vegetable vegetable NOUN Number=Sing 10 patch compound 10 patch patch NOUN Number=Sing 6 topsoil nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 bought punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 buy past We 3 bags of topsoil for the vegetable patch vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bag=Theme
Example 5 Topsoil is darker than the subsoil below it.
nsubj cop case det obl case nmod punct root Topsoil NOUN is AUX darker ADJ than ADP the DET subsoil NOUN below ADP it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Topsoil topsoil NOUN Number=Sing 3 darker nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 darker cop 3 darker dark ADJ Degree=Cmp root root 4 than than ADP _ 6 subsoil case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 subsoil det 6 subsoil subsoil NOUN Number=Sing 3 darker obl 7 below below ADP _ 8 it case 8 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 subsoil nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 darker punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Topsoil than the subsoil below subsoil; dark property tree rules
Example 6 Trees help stop the topsoil from blowing away.
nsubj xcomp det obj mark advcl advmod punct root Trees NOUN help VERB stop VERB the DET topsoil NOUN from SCONJ blowing VERB away ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 2 help nsubj 2 help help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 stop stop VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 help xcomp 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 topsoil det 5 topsoil topsoil NOUN Number=Sing 3 stop obj 6 from from SCONJ _ 7 blowing mark 7 blowing blow VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 stop advcl 8 away away ADV _ 7 blowing advmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 help punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 help present Trees vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 stop infinitive Trees not said here the topsoil vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality topsoil=Eventuality 3 blow away gerund Trees not said here away property vn split-23.2 «NP V apart»: agent=Patient
Example 7 It can take hundreds of years to form a few centimetres of topsoil.
nsubj aux obj case nmod mark advcl det amod obj case nmod punct root It PRON can AUX take VERB hundreds NOUN of ADP years NOUN to PART form VERB a DET few ADJ centimetres NOUN of ADP topsoil NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 take nsubj 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 take aux 3 take take VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 hundreds hundred NOUN Number=Plur 3 take obj 5 of of ADP _ 6 years case 6 years year NOUN Number=Plur 4 hundreds nmod 7 to to PART _ 8 form mark 8 form form VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 take advcl 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 centimetres det 10 few few ADJ Degree=Pos 11 centimetres amod 11 centimetres centimetre NOUN Number=Plur 8 form obj 12 of of ADP _ 13 topsoil case 13 topsoil topsoil NOUN Number=Sing 11 centimetres nmod 14 . . PUNCT _ 3 take punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take can It hundreds of years vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hundred=Theme 2 form to-infinitive a few centimetres of topsoil vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location centimetre=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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