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travail

Who acts: Travail, Travails, someone, pain, they, book · What happens: be, go through, mean, give, move, finish · To what, where: difficulties, pain, birth, house, cathedral, travails

«travail» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: travail in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Usage: formal, old — kept apart, not parsed.

Travail is very hard, tiring work or effort.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Travail	travail	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 hard	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 hard	cop
3	very	very	ADV	_	4 hard	advmod
4	hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 work	punct
6	tiring	tiring	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 work	amod
7	work	work	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 hard	obl
8	or	or	CCONJ	_	9 effort	cc
9	effort	effort	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 work	conj
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 hard	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Travail					tiring work or effort obl; hard property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Travails (plural) are difficulties and troubles someone goes through.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Travails	travail	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 difficulties	nsubj
2	(	(	PUNCT	_	3 plural	punct
3	plural	plural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Travails	appos
4	)	)	PUNCT	_	3 plural	punct
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 difficulties	cop
6	difficulties	difficulty	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 troubles	cc
8	troubles	trouble	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 difficulties	conj
9	someone	someone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	10 goes	nsubj
10	goes	go	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 difficulties	acl:relcl
11	through	through	ADV	_	10 goes	advmod
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 difficulties	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Travails	difficulties and troubles					tree rules
2	go through	present	someone	difficulties and troubles not said here				through property	vn meander-47.7 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location difficulty=Theme

The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

"the travails of moving house".

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 moving	punct
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 travails	det
3	travails	travail	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 moving	nsubj
4	of	of	SCONJ	_	5 moving	mark
5	moving	move	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
6	house	house	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 moving	obj
7	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 moving	punct
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 moving	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	move in a quote	gerund	the travails	house					vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent house=Theme

Meaning 3

Usage: old, Bible — kept apart, not parsed.

Travail can mean the pain and effort of giving birth.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Travail	travail	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 mean	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 mean	aux
3	mean	mean	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 pain	det
5	pain	pain	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 mean	obj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 effort	cc
7	effort	effort	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 pain	conj
8	of	of	SCONJ	_	9 giving	mark
9	giving	give	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 pain	acl
10	birth	birth	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 giving	obj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 mean	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	mean	can	Travail	the pain and effort					vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pain=Topic
2	give	gerund	the pain and effort not said here	birth					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent birth=Theme

The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

"a woman in travail".

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 woman	punct
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 woman	det
3	woman	woman	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 travail	case
5	travail	travail	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 woman	nmod
6	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 woman	punct
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 woman	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 1

After years of travail, they finished the cathedral.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	After	after	ADP	_	2 years	case
2	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 finished	obl
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 travail	case
4	travail	travail	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 years	nmod
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 years	punct
6	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 finished	nsubj
7	finished	finish	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 cathedral	det
9	cathedral	cathedral	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 finished	obj
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 finished	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	finish	past	they	the cathedral			year		vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality cathedral=Eventuality

Example 2

The book describes the travails of a family crossing the ocean.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 book	det
2	book	book	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 describes	nsubj
3	describes	describe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 travails	det
5	travails	travail	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 describes	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 family	case
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 family	det
8	family	family	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 travails	nmod
9	crossing	cross	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 family	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 ocean	det
11	ocean	ocean	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 crossing	obj
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 describes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	describe	present	the book	the travails of a family					vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent travail=Theme
2	cross	gerund	a family not said here	the ocean					vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ocean=Patient
3	travail		a family						nom travail «state intransitive»: of=agent

Example 3

The team's travails continued with another defeat.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 team	det
2	team	team	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 travails	nmod:poss
3	's	's	PART	_	2 team	case
4	travails	travail	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
5	continued	continue	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 travails	acl
6	with	with	ADP	_	8 defeat	case
7	another	another	DET	PronType=Ind	8 defeat	det
8	defeat	defeat	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 continued	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 travails	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	continue	participle		the team's travails not said here				with another defeat	vn continue-55.3 «NP.eventuality V PP.subeventuality»: agent=Eventuality with defeat=Subeventuality
2	travail		the team						nom travail «state intransitive»: poss=agent

Example 4

In the Bible, the woman was in travail before her child was born.

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 Bible	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 Bible	det
3	Bible	Bible	PROPN	Number=Sing	9 travail	obl
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 Bible	punct
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 woman	det
6	woman	woman	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 travail	nsubj
7	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 travail	cop
8	in	in	ADP	_	9 travail	case
9	travail	travail	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
10	before	before	SCONJ	_	14 born	mark
11	her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	12 child	nmod:poss
12	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 born	nsubj:pass
13	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	14 born	aux:pass
14	born	bear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 travail	advcl
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 travail	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past	the woman			travail		in the Bible	tree rules
2	bear	past · passive		woman's child					vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient

Example 5

The farmers travailed in the fields from dawn to dusk. (old)

Sentence 1: The farmers travailed in the fields from dawn to dusk.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 farmers	det
2	farmers	farmer	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 travailed	nsubj
3	travailed	travail	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 fields	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 fields	det
6	fields	field	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 travailed	obl
7	from	from	ADP	_	8 dawn	case
8	dawn	dawn	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 travailed	obl
9	to	to	ADP	_	10 dusk	case
10	dusk	dusk	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 dawn	nmod
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 travailed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	travail	past	the farmers			the fields	dawn		tree rules

Sentence 2: (old)

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 old	punct
2	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
3	)	)	PUNCT	_	2 old	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 6

We laughed about the travails of our camping trip.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 laughed	nsubj
2	laughed	laugh	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	about	about	ADP	_	5 travails	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 travails	det
5	travails	travail	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 laughed	obl
6	of	of	ADP	_	9 trip	case
7	our	our	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 trip	nmod:poss
8	camping	camping	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 trip	compound
9	trip	trip	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 travails	nmod
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 laughed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	laugh	past	We					about the travails of our camping trip	vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	travail		our camping trip						nom travail «state intransitive»: of=agent
3	trip		our						nom trip «act transitive»: poss=agent

Example 7

The travails of the journey made them tired but proud.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 travails	det
2	travails	travail	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 made	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 journey	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 journey	det
5	journey	journey	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 travails	nmod
6	made	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 made	obj
8	tired	tired	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 made	xcomp
9	but	but	CCONJ	_	10 proud	cc
10	proud	proud	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 tired	conj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 made	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	past	the travails of the journey	them = they				tired property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset they=Product
2	travail		the journey						nom travail «state intransitive»: of=agent

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/T/travail/