undermine Who acts: cliff, Constant teasing, child, Waves, you, lies · What happens: undermine, be, mean, dig, fall, confide · To what, where: something, someone, confidence, cliffs, teacher, friendship · Speech: someone speaks here
«undermine» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: undermine in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To undermine something is to make it weaker little by little, often secretly.
The tree, 13 words mark csubj obj cop mark obj xcomp advmod case obl punct advmod parataxis punct root To PART undermine VERB something PRON is AUX to PART make VERB it PRON weaker ADJ little ADJ by ADP little ADJ , PUNCT often ADV secretly ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 undermine mark 2 undermine undermine VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 make csubj 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 undermine obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 make cop 5 to to PART _ 6 make mark 6 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 make obj 8 weaker weak ADJ Degree=Cmp 6 make xcomp 9 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 8 weaker advmod 10 by by ADP _ 11 little case 11 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 8 weaker obl 12 , , PUNCT _ 14 secretly punct 13 often often ADV _ 14 secretly advmod 14 secretly secretly ADV _ 6 make parataxis 15 . . PUNCT _ 6 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 undermine to-infinitive something tree rules 2 is present make, weak property tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To undermine someone is to make them less confident or less respected.
mark csubj obj cop mark obj advmod xcomp cc advmod conj punct root To PART undermine VERB someone PRON is AUX to PART make VERB them PRON less ADV confident ADJ or CCONJ less ADV respected ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 undermine mark 2 undermine undermine VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 make csubj 3 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 undermine obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 make cop 5 to to PART _ 6 make mark 6 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 make obj 8 less less ADV Degree=Cmp 9 confident advmod 9 confident confident ADJ Degree=Pos 6 make xcomp 10 or or CCONJ _ 12 respected cc 11 less less ADV Degree=Cmp 12 respected advmod 12 respected respected ADJ Degree=Pos 9 confident conj 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 undermine to-infinitive someone tree rules 2 is present confident, make property tree rules
Meaning 3 To undermine also means to dig under something, like a wall or cliff, so it may fall.
The tree, 17 words mark csubj advmod mark xcomp case obl punct case det obl cc conj punct advmod nsubj aux conj punct root To PART undermine VERB also ADV means VERB to PART dig VERB under ADP something PRON , PUNCT like ADP a DET wall NOUN or CCONJ cliff NOUN , PUNCT so ADV it PRON may AUX fall VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 undermine mark 2 undermine undermine VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 means csubj 3 also also ADV _ 2 undermine advmod 4 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 to to PART _ 6 dig mark 6 dig dig VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 means xcomp 7 under under ADP _ 8 something case 8 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 6 dig obl 9 , , PUNCT _ 12 wall punct 10 like like ADP _ 12 wall case 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 wall det 12 wall wall NOUN Number=Sing 6 dig obl 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 cliff cc 14 cliff cliff NOUN Number=Sing 12 wall conj 15 , , PUNCT _ 19 fall punct 16 so so ADV _ 19 fall advmod 17 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 19 fall nsubj 18 may may AUX VerbForm=Fin 19 fall aux 19 fall fall VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 dig conj 20 . . PUNCT _ 4 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 undermine to-infinitive tree rules 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 dig not said to happen to-infinitive something like a wall or cliff vn hunt-35.1 «NP V PP.theme PP.location»: agent=Agent under something=Location 4 fall may cliff vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 1 Constant teasing can undermine a child's confidence.
amod nsubj aux det nmod:poss case obj punct root Constant ADJ teasing NOUN can AUX undermine VERB a DET child NOUN 's PART confidence NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Constant constant ADJ Degree=Pos 2 teasing amod 2 teasing teasing NOUN Number=Sing 4 undermine nsubj 3 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 undermine aux 4 undermine undermine VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 child det 6 child child NOUN Number=Sing 8 confidence nmod:poss 7 's 's PART _ 6 child case 8 confidence confidence NOUN Number=Sing 4 undermine obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 undermine punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 undermine can Constant teasing a child's confidence tree rules 2 confide a child nom confidence «cognition transitive»: poss=agent
Example 2 Waves undermine the cliffs until they fall.
nsubj det obj mark nsubj advcl punct root Waves NOUN undermine VERB the DET cliffs NOUN until SCONJ they PRON fall VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Waves wave NOUN Number=Plur 2 undermine nsubj 2 undermine undermine VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 cliffs det 4 cliffs cliff NOUN Number=Plur 2 undermine obj 5 until until SCONJ _ 7 fall mark 6 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 fall nsubj 7 fall fall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 undermine advcl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 undermine punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 undermine present Waves the cliffs tree rules 2 fall present Waves = wave vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 3 Don't undermine your teacher by talking over her.
aux advmod nmod:poss obj mark advcl case obl punct root Do AUX n't PART undermine VERB your PRON teacher NOUN by SCONJ talking VERB over ADP her PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 undermine aux 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 3 undermine advmod 3 undermine undermine VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 teacher nmod:poss 5 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 3 undermine obj 6 by by SCONJ _ 7 talking mark 7 talking talk VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 undermine advcl 8 over over ADP _ 9 her case 9 her she PRON Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 talking obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 undermine punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not undermine imperative · do-support you not said here your teacher tree rules 2 talk gerund you not said here over teacher vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 4 The lies undermined their friendship.
det nsubj nmod:poss obj punct root The DET lies NOUN undermined VERB their PRON friendship NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 lies det 2 lies lie NOUN Number=Plur 3 undermined nsubj 3 undermined undermine VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 4 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 friendship nmod:poss 5 friendship friendship NOUN Number=Sing 3 undermined obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 undermined punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 undermine participle the lies lies's friendship tree rules
Example 5 Water undermined the old wall.
acl det amod obj punct root Water NOUN undermined VERB the DET old ADJ wall NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Water water NOUN Number=Sing root root 2 undermined undermine VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 1 Water acl 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 wall det 4 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 5 wall amod 5 wall wall NOUN Number=Sing 2 undermined obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 1 Water punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 undermine participle Water not said here the old wall tree rules
Example 6 Eating junk food can undermine your health.
csubj compound obj aux nmod:poss obj punct root Eating VERB junk NOUN food NOUN can AUX undermine VERB your PRON health NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Eating eat VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 undermine csubj 2 junk junk NOUN Number=Sing 3 food compound 3 food food NOUN Number=Sing 1 Eating obj 4 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 undermine aux 5 undermine undermine VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 health nmod:poss 7 health health NOUN Number=Sing 5 undermine obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 undermine punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 eat gerund junk food vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient 2 undermine can Eating your health tree rules
Example 7 And receiving permission they began to dig, and when the messengers had almost undermined the Capitol they stole away as secretly as they had come.
The tree, 25 words cc obj nsubj acl:relcl mark xcomp punct cc advmod det nsubj:pass aux advmod advcl det nsubj nsubj parataxis advmod advmod advmod mark nsubj aux advcl punct root And CCONJ receiving VERB permission NOUN they PRON began VERB to PART dig VERB , PUNCT and CCONJ when ADV the DET messengers NOUN had AUX almost ADV undermined VERB the DET Capitol PROPN they PRON stole VERB away ADV as ADV secretly ADV as SCONJ they PRON had AUX come VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 And and CCONJ _ 2 receiving cc 2 receiving receive VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 3 permission permission NOUN Number=Sing 2 receiving obj 4 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 began nsubj 5 began begin VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 permission acl:relcl 6 to to PART _ 7 dig mark 7 dig dig VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 began xcomp 8 , , PUNCT _ 15 undermined punct 9 and and CCONJ _ 15 undermined cc 10 when when ADV PronType=Int 15 undermined advmod 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 messengers det 12 messengers messenger NOUN Number=Plur 15 undermined nsubj:pass 13 had have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 15 undermined aux 14 almost almost ADV _ 15 undermined advmod 15 undermined undermine VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 receiving advcl 16 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 17 Capitol det 17 Capitol Capitol PROPN Number=Sing 19 stole nsubj 18 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 19 stole nsubj 19 stole steal VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 15 undermined parataxis 20 away away ADV _ 19 stole advmod 21 as as ADV _ 22 secretly advmod 22 secretly secretly ADV _ 19 stole advmod 23 as as SCONJ _ 26 come mark 24 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 26 come nsubj 25 had have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 26 come aux 26 come come VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 22 secretly advcl 27 . . PUNCT _ 2 receiving punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 receive gerund permission vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent permission=Theme 2 begin past they permission not said here tree rules 3 dig to-infinitive they not said here vn create-26.4-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 undermine past · perfect · passive the messengers almost property tree rules 5 steal away past the Capitol away, secretly property vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 6 come past · perfect messengers = messenger vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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