understatement Who acts: understatement, way, that, habit, hurricane, Saying · What happens: be, say, make, sound, speak, starve · To what, where: way, something, understatement, habit, British people, 10 win · Speech: someone speaks here
«understatement» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: understatement in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 An understatement is a way of saying something that makes it sound smaller, weaker or less important than it really is.
The tree, 21 words det nsubj cop det mark acl obj nsubj parataxis obj xcomp xcomp punct parataxis cc advmod conj mark nsubj advmod advcl punct root An DET understatement NOUN is AUX a DET way NOUN of SCONJ saying VERB something PRON that PRON makes VERB it PRON sound VERB smaller ADJ , PUNCT weaker ADJ or CCONJ less ADV important ADJ than SCONJ it PRON really ADV is VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 An a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 understatement det 2 understatement understatement NOUN Number=Sing 5 way nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 way cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 way det 5 way way NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of SCONJ _ 7 saying mark 7 saying say VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 way acl 8 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 7 saying obj 9 that that PRON PronType=Rel 10 makes nsubj 10 makes make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 way parataxis 11 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 makes obj 12 sound sound VERB VerbForm=Inf 10 makes xcomp 13 smaller small ADJ Degree=Cmp 12 sound xcomp 14 , , PUNCT _ 15 weaker punct 15 weaker weak ADJ Degree=Cmp 10 makes parataxis 16 or or CCONJ _ 18 important cc 17 less less ADV Degree=Cmp 18 important advmod 18 important important ADJ Degree=Pos 15 weaker conj 19 than than SCONJ _ 22 is mark 20 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 22 is nsubj 21 really really ADV _ 22 is advmod 22 is be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 18 important advcl 23 . . PUNCT _ 5 way punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a understatement a way tree rules 2 say speech: assert gerund a way not said here something vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent something=Topic 3 make present that understatement tree rules 4 sound infinitive understatement not said here small property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus 5 be present understatement vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Understatement is the habit or style of speaking this way, often for humour or politeness.
The tree, 15 words nsubj cop det cc conj mark acl det obj punct advmod case obl cc conj punct root Understatement NOUN is AUX the DET habit NOUN or CCONJ style NOUN of SCONJ speaking VERB this DET way NOUN , PUNCT often ADV for ADP humour NOUN or CCONJ politeness NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Understatement understatement NOUN Number=Sing 4 habit nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 habit cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 habit det 4 habit habit NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 style cc 6 style style NOUN Number=Sing 4 habit conj 7 of of SCONJ _ 8 speaking mark 8 speaking speak VERB VerbForm=Ger 4 habit acl 9 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 10 way det 10 way way NOUN Number=Sing 8 speaking obj 11 , , PUNCT _ 14 humour punct 12 often often ADV _ 14 humour advmod 13 for for ADP _ 14 humour case 14 humour humour NOUN Number=Sing 8 speaking obl 15 or or CCONJ _ 16 politeness cc 16 politeness politeness NOUN Number=Sing 14 humour conj 17 . . PUNCT _ 4 habit punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Understatement the habit or style tree rules 2 speak speech: other gerund the habit or style not said here this way for humour or politeness tree rules
Example 1 Saying the hurricane was «a bit windy» is an understatement.
csubj det nsubj cop punct det obl:unmarked ccomp punct cop det punct root Saying VERB the DET hurricane NOUN was AUX « PUNCT a DET bit NOUN windy ADJ » PUNCT is AUX an DET understatement NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Saying say VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 12 understatement csubj 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 hurricane det 3 hurricane hurricane NOUN Number=Sing 8 windy nsubj 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 windy cop 5 « « PUNCT _ 8 windy punct 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 bit det 7 bit bit NOUN Number=Sing 8 windy obl:unmarked 8 windy windy ADJ Degree=Pos 1 Saying ccomp 9 » » PUNCT _ 8 windy punct 10 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 understatement cop 11 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 understatement det 12 understatement understatement NOUN Number=Sing root root 13 . . PUNCT _ 12 understatement punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert gerund vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 2 is in a quote past the hurricane a bit obl:unmarked ; windy property tree rules 3 is a present Saying a understatement tree rules
Example 2 «It's an understatement to say I was hungry – I was starving!»
The tree, 12 words punct nsubj cop det mark acl nsubj cop ccomp punct nsubj aux parataxis punct punct root « PUNCT It PRON 's AUX an DET understatement NOUN to PART say VERB I PRON was AUX hungry ADJ – PUNCT I PRON was AUX starving VERB ! PUNCT » PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 5 understatement punct 2 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 understatement nsubj 3 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 understatement cop 4 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 understatement det 5 understatement understatement NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 to to PART _ 7 say mark 7 say say VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 understatement acl 8 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 10 hungry nsubj 9 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 10 hungry cop 10 hungry hungry ADJ Degree=Pos 7 say ccomp 11 – - PUNCT _ 14 starving punct 12 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 14 starving nsubj 13 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 14 starving aux 14 starving starve VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 10 hungry parataxis 15 ! ! PUNCT _ 5 understatement punct 16 » » PUNCT _ 5 understatement punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a in a quote present It a understatement tree rules 2 say speech: express in a quote to-infinitive vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 3 is in a quote past I hungry property tree rules 4 starve in a quote past · progressive I tree rules
Example 3 British people are known for understatement.
amod nsubj:pass aux:pass case obl punct root British ADJ people NOUN are AUX known VERB for ADP understatement NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 British British ADJ Degree=Pos 2 people amod 2 people people NOUN Number=Plur 4 known nsubj:pass 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 known aux:pass 4 known know VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 for for ADP _ 6 understatement case 6 understatement understatement NOUN Number=Sing 4 known obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 known punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 know present · passive British people for understatement vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus
Example 4 The coach called our 10–0 win «not bad», which was an understatement.
The tree, 14 words det acl nmod:poss nummod case nmod xcomp punct advmod amod punct punct nsubj cop det conj punct root The DET coach NOUN called VERB our PRON 10 NUM – SYM 0 NUM win NOUN « PUNCT not PART bad ADJ » PUNCT , PUNCT which PRON was AUX an DET understatement NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 coach det 2 coach coach NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 coach acl 4 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 win nmod:poss 5 10 10 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 8 win nummod 6 – – SYM ExtPos=ADP 7 0 case 7 0 0 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 10 nmod 8 win win NOUN Number=Sing 3 called xcomp 9 « « PUNCT _ 11 bad punct 10 not not PART Polarity=Neg 11 bad advmod 11 bad bad ADJ Degree=Pos 8 win amod 12 » » PUNCT _ 11 bad punct 13 , , PUNCT _ 17 understatement punct 14 which which PRON PronType=Rel 17 understatement nsubj 15 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 17 understatement cop 16 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 17 understatement det 17 understatement understatement NOUN Number=Sing 8 win conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 2 coach punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call participle the coach not said here our 10 win and a understatement vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 is a past our 10 win and a understatement a understatement tree rules 3 win our nom win «event intransitive»: poss=agent
Example 5 Find the understatement in the poem.
det obj case det obl punct root Find VERB the DET understatement NOUN in ADP the DET poem NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Find find VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 understatement det 3 understatement understatement NOUN Number=Sing 1 Find obj 4 in in ADP _ 6 poem case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 poem det 6 poem poem NOUN Number=Sing 1 Find obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 1 Find punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 find imperative you not said here the understatement the poem vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent understatement=Topic
Example 6 To say the test was hard is an understatement.
mark det nsubj cop amod cop det obj punct root To PART say VERB the DET test NOUN was AUX hard ADJ is AUX an DET understatement NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 say mark 2 say say VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 test det 4 test test NOUN Number=Sing 6 hard nsubj 5 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 hard cop 6 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 9 understatement amod 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 understatement cop 8 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 understatement det 9 understatement understatement NOUN Number=Sing 2 say obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 say punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert to-infinitive vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 2 is past the test hard property tree rules 3 is a present a hard understatement tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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