Lamentations 1:1 אֵיכָה

Who acts: city · What happens: sit, be, become · To what, where: city

This is Lamentations 1:1 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — city — and what happens in the verse to city, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between.

אֵיכָ֣ה ׀ יָשְׁבָ֣ה בָדָ֗ד הָעִיר֙ רַבָּ֣תִי עָ֔ם הָיְתָ֖ה כְּאַלְמָנָ֑ה רַּבָּ֣תִיבַגּוֹיִ֗ם שָׂרָ֙תִי֙ בַּמְּדִינ֔וֹת הָיְתָ֖ה לָמַֽס׃ס

HOW DOTH the city sit solitary, that was full of people! How is she become as a widow! She that was great among the nations, and princess among the provinces, how is she become tributary!

The tree

Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation	gloss
1	אֵיכָ֣ה	אֵיכָה	INTJ	_	3 יָשְׁבָ֣ה	discourse	how!
2	׀	׀	PUNCT	_	1 אֵיכָ֣ה	punct
3	יָשְׁבָ֣ה	יָשַׁב	VERB	Gender=Fem HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=3	root	root	it sits
4	בָדָ֗ד	בָּדָד	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	3 יָשְׁבָ֣ה	obl	alone
5	הָ	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	6 עִיר֙	det	the
6	עִיר֙	עִיר	NOUN	Gender=Fem Number=Sing	3 יָשְׁבָ֣ה	nsubj	city
7	רַבָּ֣תִי	רַב	ADJ	Gender=Fem Number=Sing	6 עִיר֙	appos	great
8	עָ֔ם	עַם	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	7 רַבָּ֣תִי	compound:smixut	of people
9	הָיְתָ֖ה	הָיָה	AUX	Gender=Fem HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=3	11 אַלְמָנָ֑ה	cop	it has become
10	כְּ	כְּ	ADP	_	11 אַלְמָנָ֑ה	case	like
11	אַלְמָנָ֑ה	אַלְמָנָה	NOUN	Gender=Fem Number=Sing	3 יָשְׁבָ֣ה	parataxis	a widow
12	רַּבָּ֣תִי	רַב	ADJ	Gender=Fem Number=Sing	11 אַלְמָנָ֑ה	nsubj	[one] great
13	בַ	בְּ	ADP	_	15 גּוֹיִ֗ם	case	among
14	ה	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	15 גּוֹיִ֗ם	det	the
15	גּוֹיִ֗ם	גּוֹי	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	12 רַּבָּ֣תִי	nmod	nations
16	שָׂרָ֙תִי֙	שָׂרָה	NOUN	Gender=Fem Number=Sing	22 מַֽס	nsubj	a princess
17	בַּ	בְּ	ADP	_	19 מְּדִינ֔וֹת	case	among
18	ה	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	19 מְּדִינ֔וֹת	det	the
19	מְּדִינ֔וֹת	מְדִינָה	NOUN	Gender=Fem Number=Plur	16 שָׂרָ֙תִי֙	nmod	provinces
20	הָיְתָ֖ה	הָיָה	AUX	Gender=Fem HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=3	22 מַֽס	cop	it has become
21	לָ	לְ	ADP	_	22 מַֽס	case	(into) forced
22	מַֽס	מַס	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	3 יָשְׁבָ֣ה	parataxis	labor
23	׃	׃	PUNCT	_	22 מַֽס	punct
24	ס	ס	PUNCT	_	22 מַֽס	punct

Pragmatics

form: wh-question
act: ask
voice: character
speech: speech with no frame
negation: no

verb	form · stem	who (A0)
יָשְׁבָה it sits	qatal · qal	עִיר city
הָיְתָה it has become	qatal · qal	רַּבָּתִי [one] great
הָיְתָה it has become	qatal · qal	שָׂרָתִי a princess

MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen.

The Targum

אָמַר יִרְמְיָהוּ נְבִיָּא וְכַהֲנָא רַבָּא אֵיכְדֵין יִתְגָּזַר עַל יְרוּשְׁלֵם וְעַל עַמָּהָא לְאִתְדָנָא בְּתֵירוּכִין וּלְמִסְפֵּד עִלַּוֵיהוֹן אֵיכָה הֵיכְמָא דְאִתְדְנוּ אָדָם וְחַוָה דְאִיתְרְכוּ מִגִּינְתָא דְעֵדֶן וְאַסְפִּיד מָרֵי עַלְמָא עֲלַוֵיהוֹן אֵיכָה עֲנַת מִדַּת דִינָא וְכֵן אֲמָרַת עַל סְגִיאוּת חוֹבָאָה אִשְׁתְּדוּד דִּי בְגַוָהָא וּבְגִין כֵּן תְּהֵי יָתְבָה בִלְחוֹדָהָא כִּגְבַר דְמַכְתַּשׁ סְגִירוּ עַל בּסְרֵיהּ דִּי בִלְחוֹדֵיהּ יָתֵיב וְקַרְתָּא הֲוָת מַלְיָא אוֹכְלוֹסִין וְעַמְּמִין סַגִּיאִין אִתְרוֹקִינַת מִנְהוֹן וַהֲוָת דַמְיָא כְאַרְמְלָא וְדִי מִתְרַבְרְבָא בְעַמְמַיָּא וְשַׁלִּיטַיָּא בְאַפַרְכַיָּא וַהֲווֹ מַסְקִין לָהּ מִסִּין הַדְרַת לְמֶהֱוֵי מַכִּיכָא וּלְמִתַּן כְּרַגָּא לְהוֹן בָּתַר דְנָא:

The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet.

English, JPS 1917

Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in.

Hebrew text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. Tree, glosses and frames: MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew, CC BY 4.0; converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). Speech act: Mova's rules on the MACULA words (macula prag). Targum: Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain.

English: JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License).

Hebrew sentence wlc:LAM:0.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.1/