Lamentations 1:20 אֵיכָה

Who acts: I, inwards, sword, like · What happens: be, burn, turn, rebel, bereave · To what, where: distress, heart, home

This is Lamentations 1:20 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — I, inwards, sword, like — and what happens in the verse to distress, heart, home, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between.

רְאֵ֨ה יְהוָ֤ה כִּֽי־צַר־לִי֙ מֵעַ֣י חֳמַרְמָ֔רוּ נֶהְפַּ֤ךְ לִבִּי֙ בְּקִרְבִּ֔י כִּ֥י מָר֖וֹ מָרִ֑יתִי מִח֥וּץ שִׁכְּלָה־חֶ֖רֶב בַּבַּ֥יִת כַּמָּֽוֶת׃ס

Behold, O LORD, for I am in distress, mine inwards burn; my heart is turned within me, for I have grievously rebelled. Abroad the sword bereaveth, at home there is the like of death.

The tree

Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation	gloss
1	רְאֵ֨ה	רָאָה	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=2	root	root	see
2	יְהוָ֤ה	יהוה	PROPN	_	1 רְאֵ֨ה	parataxis	O Yahweh
3	כִּֽי־	כִּי	SCONJ	_	6 ִי֙	mark	(dm)
4	צַר־	צָרַר	ADJ	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	6 ִי֙	nsubj	distress
5	ל	לְ	ADP	_	6 ִי֙	case	[belongs] to
6	ִי֙	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	1 רְאֵ֨ה	advcl	me
7	מֵע	מֵעִים	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	9 חֳמַרְמָ֔רוּ	nsubj	parts
8	ַ֣י	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	7 מֵע	nmod:poss	my inward
9	חֳמַרְמָ֔רוּ	חָמַר	VERB	Gender=Com HebBinyan=PEALAL Number=Plur Person=3	1 רְאֵ֨ה	parataxis	they are in turmoil
10	נֶהְפַּ֤ךְ	הָפַךְ	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=NIPHAL Number=Sing Person=3	1 רְאֵ֨ה	parataxis	it has been overturned
11	לִבּ	לֵב	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	10 נֶהְפַּ֤ךְ	nsubj	heart
12	ִי֙	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	11 לִבּ	nmod:poss	my
13	בְּ	בְּ	ADP	_	14 קִרְבּ	case	in
14	קִרְבּ	קֶרֶב	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	10 נֶהְפַּ֤ךְ	obl	my inner
15	ִ֔י	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	14 קִרְבּ	nmod:poss	being
16	כִּ֥י	כִּי	SCONJ	_	18 מָרִ֑יתִי	mark	(dm)
17	מָר֖וֹ	מָרָה	VERB	HebBinyan=QAL	18 מָרִ֑יתִי	obl:npmod	extremely (be rebellious)
18	מָרִ֑יתִי	מָרָה	VERB	Gender=Com HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=1	1 רְאֵ֨ה	advcl	I have been rebellious
19	מִ	מִן	ADP	_	20 ח֥וּץ	case	from
20	ח֥וּץ	חוּץ	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	21 שִׁכְּלָה־	obl	outside
21	שִׁכְּלָה־	שָׁכֹל	VERB	Gender=Fem HebBinyan=PIEL Number=Sing Person=3	1 רְאֵ֨ה	parataxis	it has bereaved
22	חֶ֖רֶב	חֶרֶב	NOUN	Gender=Fem Number=Sing	21 שִׁכְּלָה־	nsubj	a sword
23	בַּ	בְּ	ADP	_	25 בַּ֥יִת	case	[is] in
24	ה	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	25 בַּ֥יִת	det	the
25	בַּ֥יִת	בַּיִת	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	28 מָּֽוֶת	obl	house
26	כַּ	כְּ	ADP	_	28 מָּֽוֶת	case	like
27	ה	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	28 מָּֽוֶת	det	(the)
28	מָּֽוֶת	מָוֶת	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	1 רְאֵ֨ה	parataxis	death
29	׃	׃	PUNCT	_	28 מָּֽוֶת	punct
30	ס	ס	PUNCT	_	28 מָּֽוֶת	punct

Pragmatics

form: command
act: request
voice: character
speech: inside a quote begun earlier
negation: no

verb	form · stem	who (A0)	what, whom (A1)
רְאֵה see	imperative · qal	יְהוָה O Yahweh
חֳמַרְמָרוּ they are in turmoil	qatal · pealal	מֵע parts
נֶהְפַּךְ it has been overturned	qatal · niphal		לִבּ heart
מָרִיתִי I have been rebellious	qatal · qal
שִׁכְּלָה־ it has bereaved	qatal · piel	חֶרֶב a sword

MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen.

The Targum

חֲזֵי אֲרוּם אָעִיק לִי בְּגִין כֵּן מֵעַי אִיתְגָרוּ אִיתְהַפַּךְ לְבָבִי בְּגַוִי אֲרוּם מֶעְבַּר עֲבָרִית עַל גְזֵירַת מֵימְרָא דַייָ וּמִן בִּגְלַל הָכִי מִן בָּרָא תִּכְלֵי חַרְבָּא וּמִלְגָיו חַרְגַת כַּפְנָא כְּמַלְאָכָא מְחַבָּלָא דִי מְמַנָא עַל מוֹתָא:

The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet.

English, JPS 1917

Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in.

Hebrew text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. Tree, glosses and frames: MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew, CC BY 4.0; converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). Speech act: Mova's rules on the MACULA words (macula prag). Targum: Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain.

English: JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License).

Hebrew sentence wlc:LAM:19.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.1.20/