2 Samuel 3:31 שְׁמוּאֵל ב

Who acts: David, people · What happens: say, be, rend, gird, wail, follow · To what, where: Joab, clothes, you, Abner, bier · Speech: someone speaks in this verse

This is 2 Samuel 3:31 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — David, people — and what happens in the verse to Joab, clothes, you, Abner, bier, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of 2 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between.

וַיֹּאמֶר֩ דָּוִ֨ד אֶל־יוֹאָ֜ב וְאֶל־כָּל־הָעָ֣ם אֲשֶׁר־אִתּ֗וֹ קִרְע֤וּ בִגְדֵיכֶם֙ וְחִגְר֣וּ שַׂקִּ֔ים וְסִפְד֖וּ לִפְנֵ֣י אַבְנֵ֑ר וְהַמֶּ֣לֶךְ דָּוִ֔ד הֹלֵ֖ךְ אַחֲרֵ֥י הַמִּטָּֽה׃

And David said to Joab, and to all the people that were with him: 'Rend your clothes, and gird you with sackcloth, and wail before Abner.' And king David followed the bier.

The tree

Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation	gloss
1	וַ	וְ	CCONJ	_	2 יֹּאמֶר֩	cc	and
2	יֹּאמֶר֩	אָמַר	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=3	root	root	he said
3	דָּוִ֨ד	דָּוִד	PROPN	_	2 יֹּאמֶר֩	nsubj	David
4	אֶל־	אֶל	ADP	_	5 יוֹאָ֜ב	case	to
5	יוֹאָ֜ב	יוֹאָב	PROPN	_	2 יֹּאמֶר֩	obl	Joab
6	וְ	וְ	CCONJ	_	8 כָּל־	cc	and
7	אֶל־	אֶל	ADP	_	8 כָּל־	case	to
8	כָּל־	כֹּל	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	5 יוֹאָ֜ב	conj	all
9	הָ	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	10 עָ֣ם	det	the
10	עָ֣ם	עַם	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	8 כָּל־	compound:smixut	people
11	אֲשֶׁר־	אֲשֶׁר	SCONJ	_	13 ֗וֹ	mark	which
12	אִתּ	אֵת	ADP	_	13 ֗וֹ	case	[was] with
13	֗וֹ	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 כָּל־	acl:relcl	him
14	קִרְע֤וּ	קָרַע	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Plur Person=2	2 יֹּאמֶר֩	ccomp	tear
15	בִגְדֵי	בֶּגֶד	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	14 קִרְע֤וּ	obj	garments
16	כֶם֙	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Masc Number=Plur Person=2 PronType=Prs	15 בִגְדֵי	nmod:poss	your
17	וְ	וְ	CCONJ	_	18 חִגְר֣וּ	cc	and
18	חִגְר֣וּ	חָגַר	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Plur Person=2	14 קִרְע֤וּ	conj	gird yourselves
19	שַׂקִּ֔ים	שַׂק	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	18 חִגְר֣וּ	obj	sackcloth(s)
20	וְ	וְ	CCONJ	_	21 סִפְד֖וּ	cc	and
21	סִפְד֖וּ	סָפַד	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Plur Person=2	14 קִרְע֤וּ	conj	mourn
22	לִ	לְ	ADP	_	23 פְנֵ֣י	case	before
23	פְנֵ֣י	פָּנֶה	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 סִפְד֖וּ	obl
24	אַבְנֵ֑ר	אַבְנֵר	PROPN	_	23 פְנֵ֣י	compound:smixut	Abner
25	וְ	וְ	CCONJ	_	29 הֹלֵ֖ךְ	cc	and
26	הַ	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	27 מֶּ֣לֶךְ	det	the
27	מֶּ֣לֶךְ	מֶלֶךְ	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	29 הֹלֵ֖ךְ	nsubj	king
28	דָּוִ֔ד	דָּוִד	PROPN	_	27 מֶּ֣לֶךְ	appos	David
29	הֹלֵ֖ךְ	הָלַךְ	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing	14 קִרְע֤וּ	conj	[was] walking
30	אַחֲרֵ֥י	אַחַר	ADP	_	32 מִּטָּֽה	case	after
31	הַ	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	32 מִּטָּֽה	det	the
32	מִּטָּֽה	מִטָּה	NOUN	Gender=Fem Number=Sing	29 הֹלֵ֖ךְ	obl	bier
33	׃	׃	PUNCT	_	32 מִּטָּֽה	punct

Pragmatics

form: command
act: request
voice: character
speech: a frame and its quote
negation: no
the frame alone: decl · narrate · none

verb	form · stem	who (A0)	what, whom (A1)
יֹּאמֶר he said	wayyiqtol · qal	דָּוִד David
קִרְעוּ tear	imperative · qal	יוֹאָב Joab + עָם people	בִגְדֵי garments
חִגְרוּ gird yourselves	imperative · qal	יוֹאָב Joab + עָם people	שַׂקִּים sackcloth(s)
סִפְדוּ mourn	imperative · qal	יוֹאָב Joab + עָם people
הֹלֵךְ [was] walking	participle active · qal	מֶּלֶךְ king

MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen.

Targum Jonathan

וַאֲמַר דָוִד לְיוֹאָב וּלְכָל עַמָא דְעִמֵיהּ בְּזָעוּ לְבוּשֵׁיכוֹן וַאֲסָרוּ סַקִין וְסַפְדוּ קֳדָם אַבְנֵר וּמַלְכָּא דָוִד אָזֵיל בָּתַר עַרְסָא:

The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet.

English, JPS 1917

Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in.

And David said to Joab, and to all the people that were with him: 'Rend your clothes, and gird you with sackcloth, and wail before Abner.' And king David followed the bier.

Hebrew text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. Tree, glosses and frames: MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew, CC BY 4.0; converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). Speech act: Mova's rules on the MACULA words (macula prag). Targum: Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain.

English: JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License).

Hebrew sentence wlc:2SA:89.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.3.31/