Exam question 1 · When money is tight

Which of the following most accurately characterises inflation?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris

This is exam question 1 of lesson 9 «When money is tight» of the adult life course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 inflation	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	8 inflation	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 inflation	det
4	following	follow	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	8 inflation	case
5	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	6 accurately	advmod
6	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	7 characterises	advmod
7	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 following	advcl
8	inflation	inflation	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
9	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 inflation	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present						accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

A tax levied upon the purchase of goods

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 tax	det
2	tax	tax	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	levied	levy	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 tax	acl
4	upon	upon	ADP	_	6 purchase	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 purchase	det
6	purchase	purchase	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 levied	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 goods	case
8	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	6 purchase	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	levy	participle		a tax not said here				upon the purchase of goods	tree rules
2	purchase			goods					nom purchase «act transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

Interest paid upon sums held on deposit

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Interest	interest	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
2	paid	pay	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	1 Interest	acl
3	upon	upon	ADP	_	4 sums	case
4	sums	sum	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 paid	obl
5	held	hold	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 sums	acl
6	on	on	ADP	_	7 deposit	case
7	deposit	deposit	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 held	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pay	participle		Interest not said here				upon sums	vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	hold	participle		sums not said here		deposit			vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on deposit=Location

Option 3

A general fall in prices, whereby a given sum purchases more

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 fall	det
2	general	general	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 fall	amod
3	fall	fall	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 purchases	nsubj
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 prices	case
5	prices	price	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 fall	nmod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 purchases	punct
7	whereby	whereby	ADV	PronType=Int	11 purchases	advmod
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 sum	det
9	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 sum	amod
10	sum	sum	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 purchases	nsubj
11	purchases	purchase	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
12	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	11 purchases	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	participle							vn break_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient
2	purchase	present	a general fall in prices					whereby property	vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

A general rise in prices, whereby a given sum purchases less

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 rise	det
2	general	general	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 rise	amod
3	rise	rise	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 purchases	nsubj
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 prices	case
5	prices	price	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 rise	nmod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 purchases	punct
7	whereby	whereby	ADV	PronType=Int	11 purchases	advmod
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 sum	det
9	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 sum	amod
10	sum	sum	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 purchases	nsubj
11	purchases	purchase	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
12	less	less	ADV	Degree=Cmp	11 purchases	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	participle							vn break_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient
2	purchase	present	a general rise in prices					less, whereby property	vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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