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Test 10 · Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs

Old stories tell of ghostly lights dancing over marshes at night. What do scientists say?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: Old stories, ghostly lights, scientists · What happens: tell, dance, say · To what, where: marshes · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 10 of lesson 11 «Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Old stories tell of ghostly lights dancing over marshes at night.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 stories	amod
2	stories	story	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 tell	nsubj
3	tell	tell	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	6 lights	case
5	ghostly	ghostly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 lights	amod
6	lights	light	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 tell	obl
7	dancing	dance	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 lights	acl
8	over	over	ADP	_	9 marshes	case
9	marshes	marsh	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 dancing	obl
10	at	at	ADP	_	11 night	case
11	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 dancing	obl
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 tell	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	tell speech: assert	present	Old stories					of ghostly lights	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	dance	gerund	ghostly lights not said here			marshes	night		vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over marsh=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What do scientists say?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	4 say	obj
2	do	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 say	aux
3	scientists	scientist	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 say	nsubj
4	say	say	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 say	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present · do-support	scientists						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent what=Topic

The options

Option 1

They are reflections of the Moon on the mud

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 reflections	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 reflections	cop
3	reflections	reflection	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	6 Moon	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 Moon	det
6	Moon	Moon	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 reflections	nmod
7	on	on	ADP	_	9 mud	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 mud	det
9	mud	mud	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 reflections	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	They	reflections		the mud		of the Moon	tree rules

Option 2

They are proven to be fireflies in every case

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 proven	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 proven	aux:pass
3	proven	prove	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	6 fireflies	mark
5	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	6 fireflies	cop
6	fireflies	firefly	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 proven	xcomp
7	in	in	ADP	_	9 case	case
8	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	9 case	det
9	case	case	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 proven	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	prove	present · passive		They		every case			vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	is a	to-infinitive		fireflies					tree rules

Option 3

They are definitely the ghosts of people who were lost in the bog long ago

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 ghosts	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 ghosts	cop
3	definitely	definitely	ADV	_	5 ghosts	advmod
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 ghosts	det
5	ghosts	ghost	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 people	case
7	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 ghosts	nmod
8	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 lost	nsubj
9	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	10 lost	aux:pass
10	lost	lose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 people	acl:relcl
11	in	in	ADP	_	13 bog	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 bog	det
13	bog	bog	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 lost	obl
14	long	long	ADV	Degree=Pos	15 ago	advmod
15	ago	ago	ADV	_	10 lost	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	They	the ghosts				of people; definitely property	tree rules
2	lose	past · passive		people		the bog		ago property	vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

They may come from marsh gas catching fire, but it is not proven

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 come	nsubj
2	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 come	aux
3	come	come	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	from	from	ADP	_	6 gas	case
5	marsh	marsh	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 gas	compound
6	gas	gas	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 come	obl
7	catching	catch	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 gas	acl
8	fire	fire	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 catching	obj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 proven	punct
10	but	but	CCONJ	_	14 proven	cc
11	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 proven	nsubj:pass
12	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 proven	aux:pass
13	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	14 proven	advmod
14	proven	prove	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 come	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	come	may	They			marsh gas			vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from gas=Initial_Location
2	catch	gerund	marsh gas not said here	fire					vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fire=Theme
3	not prove	present · passive		fire					vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs/t10/