Exam question 1 · The rainforest from the top: emergent layer and canopy

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the rainforest canopy?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: rainforest canopy

This is exam question 1 of lesson 2 «The rainforest from the top: emergent layer and canopy» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 canopy	det
10	rainforest	rainforest	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 canopy	compound
11	canopy	canopy	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
12	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the rainforest canopy				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The canopy constitutes the dense upper stratum of foliage and branches, situated approximately thirty to forty-five metres above the ground

The tree, 21 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 canopy	det
2	canopy	canopy	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 constitutes	nsubj
3	constitutes	constitute	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 stratum	det
5	dense	dense	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 stratum	amod
6	upper	upper	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 stratum	amod
7	stratum	stratum	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 constitutes	obj
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 foliage	case
9	foliage	foliage	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 stratum	nmod
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 branches	cc
11	branches	branch	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 foliage	conj
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 situated	punct
13	situated	situate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 stratum	acl
14	approximately	approximately	ADV	_	15 thirty	advmod
15	thirty	thirty	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	20 metres	nummod
16	to	to	ADP	_	17 forty	case
17	forty	forty	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	15 thirty	nmod
18	-	-	PUNCT	_	19 five	punct
19	five	five	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	17 forty	conj
20	metres	metre	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 situated	obl:unmarked
21	above	above	ADP	_	23 ground	case
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 ground	det
23	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 situated	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	constitute	present	the canopy	the dense upper stratum of foliage and branches					vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme stratum=Pivot
2	situate	participle	the dense upper stratum of foliage and branches not said here	thirty metres		the ground			vn put-9.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent above ground=Destination

Option 2

The canopy constitutes the isolated giant trees projecting above all others

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 canopy	det
2	canopy	canopy	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 constitutes	nsubj
3	constitutes	constitute	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 trees	det
5	isolated	isolated	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 trees	amod
6	giant	giant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 trees	amod
7	trees	tree	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 constitutes	obj
8	projecting	project	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 trees	acl
9	above	above	ADP	_	11 others	case
10	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	11 others	det
11	others	other	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 projecting	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	constitute	present	the canopy	the isolated giant trees					vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme tree=Pivot
2	project	gerund	the isolated giant trees not said here			all others			vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme above other=Location

Option 3

The canopy constitutes the forest floor beneath the trees, upon which little light falls and few plants are able to grow

The tree, 21 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 canopy	det
2	canopy	canopy	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 constitutes	nsubj
3	constitutes	constitute	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 floor	det
5	forest	forest	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 floor	compound
6	floor	floor	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 constitutes	obj
7	beneath	beneath	ADP	_	9 trees	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 trees	det
9	trees	tree	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 constitutes	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 falls	punct
11	upon	upon	ADP	_	12 which	case
12	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	15 falls	obl
13	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 light	amod
14	light	light	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 falls	nsubj
15	falls	fall	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 constitutes	parataxis
16	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 able	cc
17	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 plants	amod
18	plants	plant	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 able	nsubj
19	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	20 able	cop
20	able	able	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 falls	conj
21	to	to	PART	_	22 grow	mark
22	grow	grow	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	20 able	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	constitute	present	the canopy	the forest floor	beneath the trees	vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme floor=Pivot
2	fall	present	little light			vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme upon which=Location
3	is	present	few plants		able property	tree rules
4	grow	to-infinitive	few plants not said here			vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4

The canopy constitutes the river system traversing the forest

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 canopy	det
2	canopy	canopy	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 constitutes	nsubj
3	constitutes	constitute	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 system	det
5	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 system	compound
6	system	system	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 constitutes	obj
7	traversing	traverse	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 system	acl
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 forest	det
9	forest	forest	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 traversing	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	constitute	present	the canopy	the river system					vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme system=Pivot
2	traverse	gerund	the river system not said here	the forest					vn contiguous_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme forest=Co-Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/2-the-rainforest-from-the-top/e1/