Exam question 1 · Budgies and canaries

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the colouration of wild budgerigars?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: colouration

This is exam question 1 of lesson 205 «Budgies and canaries» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 colouration	det
10	colouration	colouration	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 budgerigars	case
12	wild	wild	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 budgerigars	amod
13	budgerigars	budgerigar	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 colouration	nmod
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the colouration of wild budgerigars				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Wild budgerigars are predominantly blue, the green birds having arisen solely through breeding in captivity

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Wild	wild	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 budgerigars	amod
2	budgerigars	budgerigar	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 blue	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 blue	cop
4	predominantly	predominantly	ADV	_	5 blue	advmod
5	blue	blue	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 arisen	punct
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 birds	det
8	green	green	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 birds	amod
9	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 arisen	nsubj:pass
10	having	have	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	11 arisen	aux
11	arisen	arise	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 blue	conj
12	solely	solely	ADV	_	11 arisen	advmod
13	through	through	ADP	_	14 breeding	case
14	breeding	breeding	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 arisen	obl
15	in	in	ADP	_	16 captivity	case
16	captivity	captivity	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 arisen	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Wild budgerigars					blue, predominantly property	tree rules
2	arise	gerund · perfect · passive		the green birds		breeding		in captivity; solely property	vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Wild budgerigars are uniformly green and yellow, other colours having arisen through breeding

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Wild	wild	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 budgerigars	amod
2	budgerigars	budgerigar	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 green	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 green	cop
4	uniformly	uniformly	ADV	_	5 green	advmod
5	green	green	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 yellow	cc
7	yellow	yellow	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 green	conj
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 arisen	punct
9	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 colours	amod
10	colours	colour	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 arisen	nsubj
11	having	have	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	12 arisen	aux
12	arisen	arise	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	5 green	conj
13	through	through	ADP	_	14 breeding	case
14	breeding	breeding	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 arisen	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	where	other	roles by
1	is	present	Wild budgerigars		green, uniformly property	tree rules
2	be		Wild budgerigars not said here			tree rules
3	arise	gerund · perfect	other colours	breeding		vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through breeding=Location

Option 3

Wild budgerigars occur in every colour

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Wild	wild	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 budgerigars	amod
2	budgerigars	budgerigar	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 occur	nsubj
3	occur	occur	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 colour	case
5	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	6 colour	det
6	colour	colour	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 occur	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	occur	present	Wild budgerigars			every colour			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in colour=Location

Option 4

Wild budgerigars are entirely white

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Wild	wild	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 budgerigars	amod
2	budgerigars	budgerigar	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 white	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 white	cop
4	entirely	entirely	ADV	_	5 white	advmod
5	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Wild budgerigars					entirely, white property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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