Test 7 · ★★ · Echolocation: how bats see with sound

Why can't a bat just jump off the ground and fly away like a pigeon?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · What happens: jump off, fly away · To what, where: bat

This is test 7 · ★★ of lesson 229 «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	5 bat	advmod
2	ca	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 bat	aux
3	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 bat	advmod
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 bat	det
5	bat	bat	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 jump	obj
6	just	just	ADV	_	7 jump	advmod
7	jump	jump	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	off	off	ADP	_	10 ground	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 ground	det
10	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 jump	obl
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 fly	cc
12	fly	fly	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 jump	conj
13	away	away	ADV	_	12 fly	advmod
14	like	like	ADP	_	16 pigeon	case
15	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 pigeon	det
16	pigeon	pigeon	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 fly	obl
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	7 jump	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	jump off	present		a bat				off the ground	tree rules
2	fly away	present						like a pigeon; away property	vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Bats never touch the ground in their lives

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bats	bat	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 touch	nsubj
2	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	3 touch	advmod
3	touch	touch	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 ground	det
5	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 touch	obj
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 lives	case
7	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 lives	nmod:poss
8	lives	life	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 touch	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not touch	present	Bats	the ground		Bats's lives			vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme ground=Co-Theme

Option 2

Bats are too heavy to fly

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bats	bat	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 heavy	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 heavy	cop
3	too	too	ADV	_	4 heavy	advmod
4	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	to	to	PART	_	6 fly	mark
6	fly	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 heavy	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Bats					heavy property	tree rules
2	fly	to-infinitive	Bats not said here						vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

Its wings are not strong enough for an easy take-off, so it drops from a perch

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 wings	nmod:poss
2	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 strong	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 strong	cop
4	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 strong	advmod
5	strong	strong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	enough	enough	ADV	_	5 strong	advmod
7	for	for	ADP	_	12 off	case
8	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 off	det
9	easy	easy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 off	amod
10	take	take	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 off	compound
11	-	-	PUNCT	_	10 take	punct
12	off	off	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 strong	obl
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 drops	punct
14	so	so	ADV	_	16 drops	advmod
15	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	16 drops	nsubj
16	drops	drop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 strong	conj
17	from	from	ADP	_	19 perch	case
18	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	19 perch	det
19	perch	perch	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 drops	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not is	present	Its wings					for a easy take off; enough, strong property	tree rules
2	drop	present	off			a perch			vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme from perch=Trajectory

Option 4

Bats can fly only at night, and the ground is always too cold to take off from

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bats	bat	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 fly	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 fly	aux
3	fly	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	only	only	ADV	_	6 night	advmod
5	at	at	ADP	_	6 night	case
6	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 fly	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 cold	punct
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 cold	cc
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 ground	det
10	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 cold	nsubj
11	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 cold	cop
12	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	14 cold	advmod
13	too	too	ADV	_	14 cold	advmod
14	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 fly	conj
15	to	to	PART	_	16 take	mark
16	take	take	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	14 cold	csubj
17	off	off	ADP	_	16 take	compound:prt
18	from	from	ADP	_	16 take	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	when	other	roles by
1	fly	can	Bats	night		vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	is	present	the ground		always, cold property	tree rules
3	take off	to-infinitive				vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/t7/