Exam question 2 · Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca grandmothers and whale…
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the leadership of an orca group?
Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: leadership
This is exam question 2 of lesson 235 «Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca grandmothers and whale songs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 8 characterises | nsubj |
| 2 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 statements | case |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 statements | det |
| 4 | following | follow | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 5 statements | amod |
| 5 | statements | statement | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 characterises | obl |
| 6 | most | most | ADV | Degree=Sup | 7 accurately | advmod |
| 7 | accurately | accurately | ADV | _ | 8 characterises | advmod |
| 8 | characterises | characteris | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 leadership | det |
| 10 | leadership | leadership | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 characterises | obj |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 14 group | case |
| 12 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 group | det |
| 13 | orca | orca | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 group | compound |
| 14 | group | group | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 leadership | nmod |
| 15 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 8 characterises | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | follow | gerund | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 2 | characteris | present | the leadership of a orca group | of the following statements; accurately property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
The options
Option 1
The group possesses no leader whatsoever
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 group | det |
| 2 | group | group | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 possesses | nsubj |
| 3 | possesses | possess | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 5 leader | det |
| 5 | leader | leader | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 possesses | obj |
| 6 | whatsoever | whatsoever | ADV | _ | 3 possesses | advmod |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | possess | present | the group | no leader | whatsoever property | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot leader=Theme |
Option 2 · ← Mova's choice
The group is led by a different whale each day, chosen by the strength of its calls
The tree, 17 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 group | det |
| 2 | group | group | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 led | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 led | aux:pass |
| 4 | led | lead | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | by | by | ADP | _ | 8 whale | case |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 whale | det |
| 7 | different | different | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 whale | amod |
| 8 | whale | whale | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 led | obl |
| 9 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 10 day | det |
| 10 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 led | obl:unmarked |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 chosen | punct |
| 12 | chosen | choose | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 led | parataxis |
| 13 | by | by | ADP | _ | 15 strength | case |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 strength | det |
| 15 | strength | strength | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 chosen | obl |
| 16 | of | of | ADP | _ | 18 calls | case |
| 17 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 18 calls | nmod:poss |
| 18 | calls | call | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 strength | nmod |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | lead | present · passive | a different whale | the group | day | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme | |||
| 2 | choose | participle | by the strength of group's calls | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | call | group | nom call «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
Option 3
The group is led by the youngest calf
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 group | det |
| 2 | group | group | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 led | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 led | aux:pass |
| 4 | led | lead | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | by | by | ADP | _ | 8 calf | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 calf | det |
| 7 | youngest | young | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 8 calf | amod |
| 8 | calf | calf | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 led | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | lead | present · passive | the youngest calf | the group | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
Option 4 · ✓ the right answer
The group is led by an aged female whose memory of food sources aids its survival
The tree, 16 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 group | det |
| 2 | group | group | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 led | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 led | aux:pass |
| 4 | led | lead | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | by | by | ADP | _ | 8 female | case |
| 6 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 female | det |
| 7 | aged | aged | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 female | amod |
| 8 | female | female | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 led | obl:agent |
| 9 | whose | whose | PRON | Poss=Yes PronType=Rel | 10 memory | nmod:poss |
| 10 | memory | memory | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 aids | nsubj |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 13 sources | case |
| 12 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 sources | compound |
| 13 | sources | source | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 memory | nmod |
| 14 | aids | aid | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 female | acl:relcl |
| 15 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 16 survival | nmod:poss |
| 16 | survival | survival | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 aids | obj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | lead | present · passive | a aged female | the group | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme | ||||
| 2 | aid | present | memory of food sources | memory's survival | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent survival=Beneficiary | ||||
| 3 | survive | memory | nom survival «state transitive»: poss=agent |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs/e2/