Exam question 1 · Whales
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the visible spout emitted by a surfacing whale?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris, emit · To what, where: visible spout
This is exam question 1 of lesson 26 «Whales» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 8 characterises | nsubj |
| 2 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 statements | case |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 statements | det |
| 4 | following | follow | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 5 statements | amod |
| 5 | statements | statement | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 characterises | obl |
| 6 | most | most | ADV | Degree=Sup | 7 accurately | advmod |
| 7 | accurately | accurately | ADV | _ | 8 characterises | advmod |
| 8 | characterises | characteris | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 spout | det |
| 10 | visible | visible | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 spout | amod |
| 11 | spout | spout | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 characterises | obj |
| 12 | emitted | emit | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 spout | acl |
| 13 | by | by | ADP | _ | 16 whale | case |
| 14 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 whale | det |
| 15 | surfacing | surfacing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 whale | compound |
| 16 | whale | whale | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 emitted | obl |
| 17 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 8 characterises | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | follow | gerund | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 2 | characteris | present | the visible spout | of the following statements; accurately property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | emit | participle | the visible spout not said here | by a surfacing whale | vn substance_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
The options
Option 1 · ← Mova's choice
It consists of seawater ingested and subsequently expelled
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 consists | nsubj |
| 2 | consists | consist | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 seawater | case |
| 4 | seawater | seawater | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 consists | obl |
| 5 | ingested | ingest | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 seawater | acl |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 expelled | cc |
| 7 | subsequently | subsequently | ADV | _ | 8 expelled | advmod |
| 8 | expelled | expel | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 ingested | conj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | consist | present | It | of seawater | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | ingest | participle | seawater not said here | vn absorb-39.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Goal | |||||
| 3 | expel | participle | subsequently property | vn banish-10.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
Option 2
It consists of gas expelled from the gills
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 consists | nsubj |
| 2 | consists | consist | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 gas | case |
| 4 | gas | gas | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 consists | obl |
| 5 | expelled | expel | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 gas | acl |
| 6 | from | from | ADP | _ | 8 gills | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 gills | det |
| 8 | gills | gill | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 expelled | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | consist | present | It | of gas | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | expel | participle | gas not said here | the gills | vn banish-10.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent from gill=Source |
Option 3
It consists of steam produced by digestion
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 consists | nsubj |
| 2 | consists | consist | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 steam | case |
| 4 | steam | steam | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 consists | obl |
| 5 | produced | produce | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 steam | acl |
| 6 | by | by | ADP | _ | 7 digestion | case |
| 7 | digestion | digestion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 produced | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | consist | present | It | of steam | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | produce | participle | steam not said here | by digestion | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
Option 4 · ✓ the right answer
It consists of exhaled warm and moist air forming a mist
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 consists | nsubj |
| 2 | consists | consist | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 8 air | case |
| 4 | exhaled | exhale | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 air | amod |
| 5 | warm | warm | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 air | amod |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 moist | cc |
| 7 | moist | moist | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 warm | conj |
| 8 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 consists | obl |
| 9 | forming | form | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 8 air | acl |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 mist | det |
| 11 | mist | mist | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 forming | obj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | consist | present | It | of exhaled warm air | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | exhale | participle | vn exhale-40.1.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 3 | form | gerund | exhaled warm air not said here | a mist | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location mist=Theme |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/26-whales/e1/