Exam question 1 · The human body deeper: bones, muscles and skin

Identify the principal reason for which the muscles of the arm are arranged in opposing pairs.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you · What happens: identify, arrange, oppose · To what, where: principal reason, muscles, pairs

This is exam question 1 of lesson 263 «The human body deeper: bones, muscles and skin» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 reason	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	amod
4	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	for	for	ADP	_	6 which	case
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	13 arranged	obl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 muscles	det
8	muscles	muscle	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 arranged	nsubj
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 arm	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 arm	det
11	arm	arm	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 muscles	nmod
12	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 arranged	aux:pass
13	arranged	arrange	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 reason	acl:relcl
14	in	in	SCONJ	_	15 opposing	mark
15	opposing	oppose	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	13 arranged	advcl
16	pairs	pair	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 opposing	obj
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal reason		vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme
2	arrange	present · passive		the muscles of the arm	for the principal reason	vn build-26.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: subject=Product for which=Beneficiary
3	oppose	gerund		pairs		vn amalgamate-22.2-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pair=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

One muscle of each pair is invariably at rest while the other labours

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	One	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	2 muscle	nummod
2	muscle	muscle	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 rest	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 pair	case
4	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	5 pair	det
5	pair	pair	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 muscle	nmod
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 rest	cop
7	invariably	invariably	ADV	_	9 rest	advmod
8	at	at	ADP	_	9 rest	case
9	rest	rest	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
10	while	while	SCONJ	_	13 labours	mark
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 labours	det
12	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 labours	amod
13	labours	labour	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 rest	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	One muscle of each pair			rest		the other labours nmod; invariably property	tree rules

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Muscles are capable only of pulling, and not of pushing

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Muscles	muscle	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 capable	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 capable	cop
3	capable	capable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	only	only	ADV	_	6 pulling	advmod
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 pulling	case
6	pulling	pulling	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 capable	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 pushing	punct
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 pushing	cc
9	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	11 pushing	advmod
10	of	of	SCONJ	_	11 pushing	mark
11	pushing	push	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 capable	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Muscles					of pulling; capable property	tree rules
2	not push	gerund	Muscles not said here						vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent

Option 3

A single muscle is insufficient to support a bone

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 muscle	det
2	single	single	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 muscle	amod
3	muscle	muscle	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 insufficient	nsubj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 insufficient	cop
5	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	to	to	PART	_	7 support	mark
7	support	support	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 insufficient	csubj
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 bone	det
9	bone	bone	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 support	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	a single muscle					insufficient property	tree rules
2	support	to-infinitive		a bone					vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer bone=Stimulus

Option 4

The pairs are required to share a single blood supply

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 pairs	det
2	pairs	pair	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 required	nsubj:pass
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 required	aux:pass
4	required	require	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	to	to	PART	_	6 share	mark
6	share	share	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 required	xcomp
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 supply	det
8	single	single	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 supply	amod
9	blood	blood	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 supply	compound
10	supply	supply	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 share	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	require	present · passive		the pairs					vn order-58.3-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic
2	share	to-infinitive		a single blood supply					tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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