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Test 12 · Tyrannosaurus rex: what we really know, from teeth and dun…

A T. rex was about 29 when it died. What did its bones show?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: T. rex, rex, bones · What happens: be, die, do, show · To what, where: 29

This is test 12 of lesson 265 «Tyrannosaurus rex: what we really know, from teeth and dung to tiny arms» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: A T. rex was about 29 when it died.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 rex	det
2	T.	T.	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 rex	compound
3	rex	rex	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 29	nsubj
4	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 29	cop
5	about	about	ADV	_	6 29	advmod
6	29	29	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	9 died	obl
7	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	9 died	advmod
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 died	nsubj
9	died	die	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 died	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	past	a T. rex	29				about property	tree rules
2	die	past	rex						vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What did its bones show?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	2 did	nsubj
2	did	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	4 bones	nmod:poss
4	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 show	nsubj
5	show	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 did	ccomp
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	2 did	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	do	past							tree rules
2	show	present	rex's bones						vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Growth lines that can be counted like tree rings

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Growth	growth	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 lines	compound
2	lines	line	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 counted	nsubj:pass
3	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 counted	nsubj:pass
4	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 counted	aux
5	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	6 counted	aux:pass
6	counted	count	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	like	like	ADP	_	9 rings	case
8	tree	tree	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 rings	compound
9	rings	ring	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 counted	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	count	can · passive		Growth lines				like tree rings	vn multiply-108 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Option 2

That it was still a baby

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	That	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	6 baby	nsubj
2	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 baby	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 baby	cop
4	still	still	ADV	_	6 baby	advmod
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 baby	det
6	baby	baby	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	past	That	a baby			still		tree rules

Option 3

Nothing at all, because age cannot be known from bones

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	root	root
2	at	at	ADP	_	3 all	case
3	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	1 Nothing	nmod
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 known	punct
5	because	because	SCONJ	_	10 known	mark
6	age	age	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 known	nsubj:pass
7	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	10 known	aux
8	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	10 known	advmod
9	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	10 known	aux:pass
10	known	know	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	1 Nothing	parataxis
11	from	from	ADP	_	12 bones	case
12	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 known	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not know	can · passive		age		bones			vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus

Option 4

Its exact age written in numbers on its teeth

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 age	nmod:poss
2	exact	exact	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 age	amod
3	age	age	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 written	nsubj
4	written	write	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 numbers	case
6	numbers	number	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 written	obl
7	on	on	ADP	_	9 teeth	case
8	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 teeth	nmod:poss
9	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 numbers	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	write	participle	Its exact age			numbers on age's teeth			vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in number=Destination

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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