Exam question 2 · Sharks by kind: great white, tiger, bull and hammerhead

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the bull shark?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: bull shark

This is exam question 2 of lesson 310 «Sharks by kind: great white, tiger, bull and hammerhead» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 shark	det
10	bull	bull	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 shark	compound
11	shark	shark	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
12	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the bull shark				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

It breathes atmospheric air by means of lungs

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 breathes	nsubj
2	breathes	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	atmospheric	atmospheric	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 air	compound
4	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 breathes	obj
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 means	case
6	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 breathes	conj
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 lungs	case
8	lungs	lung	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 means	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	breathe	present	It	atmospheric air					vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme
2	mean	present						of lungs	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

It is capable of inhabiting fresh water as well as the sea

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 capable	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 capable	cop
3	capable	capable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	of	of	SCONJ	_	5 inhabiting	mark
5	inhabiting	inhabit	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 capable	advcl
6	fresh	fresh	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 water	amod
7	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 inhabiting	obj
8	as	as	ADV	ExtPos=CCONJ	12 sea	cc
9	well	well	ADV	Degree=Pos	8 as	fixed
10	as	as	ADP	_	8 as	fixed
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 sea	det
12	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 inhabiting	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	It					capable property	tree rules
2	inhabit	gerund		fresh water					tree rules

Option 3

It is incapable of surviving outside the deep ocean

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 incapable	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 incapable	cop
3	incapable	incapable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	of	of	SCONJ	_	5 surviving	mark
5	surviving	survive	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 incapable	advcl
6	outside	outside	ADP	_	9 ocean	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 ocean	det
8	deep	deep	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 ocean	amod
9	ocean	ocean	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 surviving	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	It					incapable property	tree rules
2	survive	gerund				the deep ocean			vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme outside ocean=Location

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice

It is the largest predatory fish in existence

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 fish	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 fish	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 fish	det
4	largest	large	ADJ	Degree=Sup	6 fish	amod
5	predatory	predatory	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 fish	compound
6	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
7	in	in	ADP	_	8 existence	case
8	existence	existence	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 fish	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	the largest predatory fish		existence			tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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