Test 10 · ★ · Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders
Toads and frogs both live near ponds. How can you tell a toad?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Toads, you · What happens: live, tell · To what, where: ponds, toad · Speech: someone speaks here
This is test 10 · ★ of lesson 32 «Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: Toads and frogs both live near ponds.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Toads | toad | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 live | nsubj |
| 2 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 3 frogs | cc |
| 3 | frogs | frog | NOUN | Number=Plur | 1 Toads | conj |
| 4 | both | both | ADV | _ | 5 live | advmod |
| 5 | live | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | near | near | ADP | _ | 7 ponds | case |
| 7 | ponds | pond | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 live | obl |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 live | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | live | present | Toads and frogs | ponds | both property | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near pond=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: How can you tell a toad?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | How | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 4 tell | advmod |
| 2 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 4 tell | aux |
| 3 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 4 tell | nsubj |
| 4 | tell | tell | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 5 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 toad | det |
| 6 | toad | toad | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 tell | obj |
| 7 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 4 tell | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | tell speech: assert | can | you | a toad | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent toad=Recipient |
The options
Option 1 · ← Mova's choice
Smooth wet skin and long legs for jumping
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Smooth | smooth | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 skin | amod |
| 2 | wet | wet | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 skin | amod |
| 3 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 4 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 6 legs | cc |
| 5 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 legs | amod |
| 6 | legs | leg | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 skin | conj |
| 7 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 8 jumping | mark |
| 8 | jumping | jump | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 3 skin | acl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | jump | gerund | Smooth wet skin and long legs not said here | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
Option 2
A long tail and a wavy crest
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 tail | det |
| 2 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 tail | amod |
| 3 | tail | tail | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 4 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 crest | cc |
| 5 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 crest | det |
| 6 | wavy | wavy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 crest | amod |
| 7 | crest | crest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 tail | conj |
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Option 3
Feathery gills on its head
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Feathery | feathery | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 gills | amod |
| 2 | gills | gill | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 3 | on | on | ADP | _ | 5 head | case |
| 4 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 5 head | nmod:poss |
| 5 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 gills | nmod |
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Option 4 · ✓ the right answer
Dry, warty skin and short legs for walking
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dry | dry | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 skin | amod |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Dry | punct |
| 3 | warty | warty | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 skin | amod |
| 4 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 5 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 legs | cc |
| 6 | short | short | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 legs | amod |
| 7 | legs | leg | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 skin | conj |
| 8 | for | for | ADP | _ | 9 walking | case |
| 9 | walking | walking | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 legs | nmod |
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders/t10/