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Test 9 · ★ · Bones by name: the skull, jaw, spine and ribs

In a cartoon a dog swallows a bone and his neck moves; a boy feels his own throat move when he swallows. What bone helps him swallow?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: dog, neck, boy, bone · What happens: swallow, move, feel, bone, help · To what, where: bone, cartoon, own throat, boy

This is test 9 · ★ of lesson 357 «Bones by name: the skull, jaw, spine and ribs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: In a cartoon a dog swallows a bone and his neck moves; a boy feels his own throat move when he swallows.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 cartoon	case
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 cartoon	det
3	cartoon	cartoon	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 swallows	obl
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 dog	det
5	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 swallows	nsubj
6	swallows	swallow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 bone	det
8	bone	bone	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 swallows	obj
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 moves	cc
10	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	11 neck	nmod:poss
11	neck	neck	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 moves	nsubj
12	moves	move	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 swallows	conj
13	;	;	PUNCT	_	16 feels	punct
14	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 boy	det
15	boy	boy	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 feels	nsubj
16	feels	feel	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	20 move	advcl
17	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	19 throat	nmod:poss
18	own	own	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 throat	amod
19	throat	throat	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 feels	obj
20	move	move	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 swallows	parataxis
21	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	23 swallows	advmod
22	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	23 swallows	nsubj
23	swallows	swallow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	20 move	advcl
24	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 swallows	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	swallow	present	a dog	a bone		a cartoon			vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient
2	move	present	dog's neck						vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
3	feel	present	a boy	dog's own throat					vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent throat=Theme
4	move	present							vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
5	swallow	present	boy						vn hiccup-40.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What bone helps him swallow?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	2 bone	nsubj
2	bone	bone	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 helps	nsubj
3	helps	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 helps	obj
5	swallow	swallow	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 helps	xcomp
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 helps	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	bone								tree rules
2	help	present	bone	boy					vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent he=Beneficiary clause=Theme
3	swallow	infinitive	boy not said here						vn hiccup-40.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

The options

Option 1

A neck vertebra

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 vertebra	det
2	neck	neck	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 vertebra	compound
3	vertebra	vertebra	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 2

The lower jaw

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 jaw	det
2	lower	low	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	3 jaw	amod
3	jaw	jaw	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The hyoid, a small horseshoe bone held by muscles

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 hyoid	det
2	hyoid	hyoid	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 bone	punct
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 bone	det
5	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 bone	amod
6	horseshoe	horseshoe	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 bone	compound
7	bone	bone	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 hyoid	appos
8	held	hold	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 bone	acl
9	by	by	ADP	_	10 muscles	case
10	muscles	muscle	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 held	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hold	participle		a small horseshoe bone not said here				by muscles	vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by muscle=Location

Option 4

A rib

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 rib	det
2	rib	rib	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/357-bones-by-name-the-skull-jaw-spine-and-ribs/t9/