Test 11 · ★ · Growing up: growth spurts, height, voices and getting stro…

Why do babies look top-heavy compared with grown-ups?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: babies · What happens: look, compare, grow

This is test 11 · ★ of lesson 361 «Growing up: growth spurts, height, voices and getting stronger» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	4 look	advmod
2	do	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 look	aux
3	babies	baby	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 look	nsubj
4	look	look	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	top	top	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 heavy	amod
6	-	-	PUNCT	_	5 top	punct
7	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 look	xcomp
8	compared	compare	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 look	advcl
9	with	with	ADP	_	12 ups	case
10	grown	grow	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 ups	amod
11	-	-	PUNCT	_	10 grown	punct
12	ups	up	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 compared	obl
13	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 look	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	look	present · do-support	babies	heavy property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
2	compare	participle	babies not said here	with grown ups	vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Patient with up=Co-Patient
3	grow	participle			vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Babies have shorter necks only because they are lazy and do not hold their heads up

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Babies	baby	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	nsubj
2	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	shorter	short	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	4 necks	amod
4	necks	neck	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	obj
5	only	only	ADV	_	9 lazy	advmod
6	because	because	SCONJ	_	9 lazy	mark
7	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 lazy	nsubj
8	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 lazy	cop
9	lazy	lazy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 have	advcl
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 hold	cc
11	do	do	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	13 hold	aux
12	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	13 hold	advmod
13	hold	hold	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 have	conj
14	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	15 heads	nmod:poss
15	heads	head	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 hold	obj
16	up	up	ADV	_	13 hold	compound:prt

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	have	present	Babies	shorter necks		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent neck=Patient
2	is	present	Babies = baby		lazy property	tree rules
3	not hold up	infinitive · do-support	Babies not said here	Babies's heads		vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot head=Theme

Option 2

Babies' heads stop growing at birth

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Babies	baby	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 heads	nmod:poss
2	'	's	PART	_	1 Babies	case
3	heads	head	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 stop	nsubj
4	stop	stop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	growing	grow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	4 stop	xcomp
6	at	at	ADP	_	7 birth	case
7	birth	birth	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 growing	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	stop	present	Babies's heads						vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality
2	grow	gerund	Babies's heads not said here			birth			vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at birth=Location

Option 3

A baby's head is filled with air

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 baby	det
2	baby	baby	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 head	nmod:poss
3	's	's	PART	_	2 baby	case
4	head	head	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 filled	nsubj
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 filled	aux:pass
6	filled	fill	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	with	with	ADP	_	8 air	case
8	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 filled	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fill	present · passive		a baby's head				with air	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: subject=Patient with air=Instrument

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

A baby's head is about a quarter of its length, a grown-up's only an eighth

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 baby	det
2	baby	baby	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 head	nmod:poss
3	's	's	PART	_	2 baby	case
4	head	head	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 quarter	nsubj
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 quarter	cop
6	about	about	ADV	_	8 quarter	advmod
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 quarter	det
8	quarter	quarter	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 length	case
10	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	11 length	nmod:poss
11	length	length	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 quarter	nmod
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 eighth	punct
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 up	det
14	grown	grow	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	16 up	amod
15	-	-	PUNCT	_	16 up	punct
16	up	up	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 eighth	nsubj
17	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	20 eighth	cop
18	only	only	ADV	_	20 eighth	advmod
19	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	20 eighth	det
20	eighth	eighth	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 quarter	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a baby's head	a quarter and a eighth	of head's length; about property	tree rules
2	grow	participle				vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	is a	present	a grown up	a eighth		tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/361-growing-up-growth-spurts-height-voices-and-getting-stronger/t11/