Exam question 2 · Who eats whom: predators, prey, scavengers and decomposers

Identify the principal advantage conferred upon prey animals by eyes situated upon the sides of the head.

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you · What happens: identify, confer, situate · To what, where: principal advantage, eyes, sides

This is exam question 2 of lesson 47 «Who eats whom: predators, prey, scavengers and decomposers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 advantage	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 advantage	amod
4	advantage	advantage	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	conferred	confer	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 advantage	acl
6	upon	upon	ADP	_	8 animals	case
7	prey	prey	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 animals	compound
8	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 conferred	obl
9	by	by	ADP	_	10 eyes	case
10	eyes	eye	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 conferred	obl
11	situated	situate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 eyes	acl
12	upon	upon	ADP	_	14 sides	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 sides	det
14	sides	side	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 situated	obl
15	of	of	ADP	_	17 head	case
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 head	det
17	head	head	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 sides	nmod
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal advantage			vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent advantage=Theme
2	confer	participle		the principal advantage not said here		upon prey animals; by eyes	vn chit_chat-37.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	situate	participle		eyes not said here	the sides of the head		vn put-9.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent upon side=Destination

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Improved vision in conditions of total darkness

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Improved	improve	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 vision	amod
2	vision	vision	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	in	in	ADP	_	4 conditions	case
4	conditions	condition	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 vision	nmod
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 darkness	case
6	total	total	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 darkness	amod
7	darkness	darkness	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 conditions	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	improve	participle							vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
2	condition			total darkness					nom condition «state transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

Precise judgement of distance prior to a pounce

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Precise	precise	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 judgement	amod
2	judgement	judgement	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 distance	case
4	distance	distance	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 judgement	nmod
5	prior	prior	ADJ	Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP	8 pounce	case
6	to	to	ADP	_	5 prior	fixed
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 pounce	det
8	pounce	pounce	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 distance	nmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

Protection of the eyes from the attacks of predators, which strike chiefly at the front

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Protection	protection	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
2	of	of	ADP	_	4 eyes	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 eyes	det
4	eyes	eye	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Protection	nmod
5	from	from	ADP	_	7 attacks	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 attacks	det
7	attacks	attack	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 eyes	nmod
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 predators	case
9	predators	predator	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 attacks	nmod
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 strike	punct
11	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	12 strike	nsubj
12	strike	strike	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 predators	acl:relcl
13	chiefly	chiefly	ADV	_	12 strike	advmod
14	at	at	ADP	_	16 front	case
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 front	det
16	front	front	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 strike	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	strike	present	predators		at the front; chiefly property	vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent at front=Patient
2	protect			the eyes from the attacks of predators		nom protection «act transitive»: of=patient
3	attack			predators		nom attack «act transitive»: of=patient

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

A field of vision almost all round, so that danger may be perceived from any side

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 field	det
2	field	field	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 vision	case
4	vision	vision	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 field	nmod
5	almost	almost	ADV	_	7 round	advmod
6	all	all	ADV	_	7 round	advmod
7	round	round	ADV	_	2 field	advmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 perceived	punct
9	so	so	SCONJ	ExtPos=SCONJ	14 perceived	mark
10	that	that	SCONJ	_	9 so	fixed
11	danger	danger	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 perceived	nsubj:pass
12	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	14 perceived	aux
13	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	14 perceived	aux:pass
14	perceived	perceive	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 field	acl
15	from	from	ADP	_	17 side	case
16	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	17 side	det
17	side	side	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 perceived	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	perceive	may · passive	a field of vision not said here	danger		any side			vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: subject=Stimulus

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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