Exam question 4 · Life cycles and metamorphosis: frog, butterfly, ladybird
Ascertain the manner in which the grasshopper attains its adult form.
Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, grasshopper · What happens: ascertain, attain, form · To what, where: manner, adult form
This is exam question 4 of lesson 48 «Life cycles and metamorphosis: frog, butterfly, ladybird» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ascertain | ascertain | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 manner | det |
| 3 | manner | manner | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Ascertain | obj |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 5 which | case |
| 5 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 8 attains | obl |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 grasshopper | det |
| 7 | grasshopper | grasshopper | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 attains | nsubj |
| 8 | attains | attain | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 manner | acl:relcl |
| 9 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 11 form | nmod:poss |
| 10 | adult | adult | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 form | amod |
| 11 | form | form | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 attains | obj |
| 12 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 1 Ascertain | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ascertain | imperative | you not said here | the manner | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent manner=Topic | ||||
| 2 | attain | present | the grasshopper | grasshopper's adult form | the manner | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent form=Theme | |||
| 3 | form | grasshopper | nom form «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
The options
Option 1
By the development of a tadpole into an adult upon land
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | By | by | ADP | _ | 3 development | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 development | det |
| 3 | development | development | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 tadpole | case |
| 5 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 tadpole | det |
| 6 | tadpole | tadpole | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 development | nmod |
| 7 | into | into | ADP | _ | 9 adult | case |
| 8 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 adult | det |
| 9 | adult | adult | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 development | nmod |
| 10 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 11 land | case |
| 11 | land | land | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 adult | nmod |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | develop | a tadpole | into a adult upon land | nom development «act transitive»: of=patient into=obl |
Option 2 · ✓ the right answer
By successive moults, the wingless nymph acquiring wings at the last
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | By | by | ADP | _ | 3 moults | case |
| 2 | successive | successive | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 moults | amod |
| 3 | moults | moult | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 nymph | punct |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 nymph | det |
| 6 | wingless | wingless | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 nymph | amod |
| 7 | nymph | nymph | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 moults | appos |
| 8 | acquiring | acquire | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 7 nymph | acl |
| 9 | wings | wing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 acquiring | obj |
| 10 | at | at | ADP | _ | 12 last | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 last | det |
| 12 | last | last | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 acquiring | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | acquire | gerund | the wingless nymph not said here | wings | the last | vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset wing=Theme |
Option 3 · ← Mova's choice
By hatching from its egg in its complete adult form, wings included
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | By | by | SCONJ | _ | 2 hatching | mark |
| 2 | hatching | hatch | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 12 wings | advcl |
| 3 | from | from | ADP | _ | 5 egg | case |
| 4 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 5 egg | nmod:poss |
| 5 | egg | egg | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 hatching | obl |
| 6 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 form | case |
| 7 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 10 form | nmod:poss |
| 8 | complete | complete | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 form | amod |
| 9 | adult | adult | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 form | amod |
| 10 | form | form | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 egg | nmod |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 hatching | punct |
| 12 | wings | wing | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 13 | included | include | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 12 wings | acl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hatch | gerund | from its egg in egg's complete adult form | vn grow-26.2.1 «NP.product V PP.patient»: agent=Product from egg=Patient | |||||
| 2 | include | participle | wings not said here | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | form | egg | nom form «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
Option 4
By the formation of a chrysalis in which its body is rebuilt
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | By | by | ADP | _ | 3 formation | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 formation | det |
| 3 | formation | formation | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 chrysalis | case |
| 5 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 chrysalis | det |
| 6 | chrysalis | chrysalis | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 formation | nmod |
| 7 | in | in | ADP | _ | 8 which | case |
| 8 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 12 rebuilt | obl |
| 9 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 10 body | nmod:poss |
| 10 | body | body | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 rebuilt | nsubj:pass |
| 11 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 rebuilt | aux:pass |
| 12 | rebuilt | rebuild | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 chrysalis | acl:relcl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | rebuild | present · passive | chrysalis's body | a chrysalis | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Result |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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