Test 10 · Life cycles and metamorphosis: frog, butterfly, ladybird

«the polluted stream's fine for frogs, they breathe air» What is right?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: polluted stream, frogs · What happens: pollute, be, breathe · To what, where: air

This is test 10 of lesson 48 «Life cycles and metamorphosis: frog, butterfly, ladybird» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	6 fine	punct
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 stream	det
3	polluted	pollute	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 stream	amod
4	stream	stream	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 fine	nsubj
5	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 fine	cop
6	fine	fine	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
7	for	for	ADP	_	8 frogs	case
8	frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 fine	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 breathe	punct
10	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 breathe	nsubj
11	breathe	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 fine	parataxis
12	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 breathe	obj
13	»	»	PUNCT	_	11 breathe	punct
14	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	16 right	nsubj
15	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	16 right	cop
16	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 breathe	conj
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	6 fine	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	pollute in a quote	participle				tree rules
2	is in a quote	present	the polluted stream		for frogs; fine property	tree rules
3	breathe in a quote	present	frogs = frog	air		vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme
4	is	present			right property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Right, frogs only breathe through their lungs, so water can't hurt them

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Right	right	INTJ	_	3 frogs	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Right	punct
3	frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 breathe	nsubj
4	only	only	ADV	_	5 breathe	advmod
5	breathe	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	through	through	ADP	_	8 lungs	case
7	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 lungs	nmod:poss
8	lungs	lung	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 breathe	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 hurt	punct
10	so	so	ADV	_	14 hurt	advmod
11	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 hurt	nsubj
12	ca	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	14 hurt	aux
13	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	14 hurt	advmod
14	hurt	hurt	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 breathe	conj
15	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 hurt	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	breathe	present	frogs			frogs's lungs			vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	not hurt	can	water	frogs = frog					vn hurt-40.8.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer they=Patient

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Frogs also breathe through their skin, so dirty water harms them

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 breathe	nsubj
2	also	also	ADV	_	3 breathe	advmod
3	breathe	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	through	through	ADP	_	6 skin	case
5	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 skin	nmod:poss
6	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 breathe	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 harms	punct
8	so	so	ADV	_	11 harms	advmod
9	dirty	dirty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 water	amod
10	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 harms	nsubj
11	harms	harm	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 breathe	conj
12	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 harms	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	breathe	present	Frogs			Frogs's skin			vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	harm	present	dirty water	Frogs = frog					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus they=Experiencer

Option 3

Frogs only live in the sea

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 live	nsubj
2	only	only	ADV	_	3 live	advmod
3	live	live	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 sea	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 sea	det
6	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 live	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	live	present	Frogs			the sea			vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in sea=Location

Option 4

Right, pollution makes frogs stronger

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Right	right	INTJ	_	4 makes	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Right	punct
3	pollution	pollution	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 makes	nsubj
4	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 makes	obj
6	stronger	strong	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	4 makes	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present	pollution	frogs				strong property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset frog=Product

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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