Exam question 1 · Fungi: mushrooms, mould and yeast

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the organisms known as fungi?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris, know · To what, where: organisms

This is exam question 1 of lesson 62 «Fungi: mushrooms, mould and yeast» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 organisms	det
10	organisms	organism	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obj
11	known	know	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 organisms	acl
12	as	as	ADP	_	13 fungi	case
13	fungi	fungus	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 known	obl
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the organisms	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	know	participle	the organisms not said here	as fungi	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer as fungus=Attribute

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

They are microscopic animals

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 animals	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 animals	cop
3	microscopic	microscopic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 animals	amod
4	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	They	microscopic animals					tree rules

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

They manufacture food from sunlight by means of a green pigment in the cap

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 manufacture	nsubj
2	manufacture	manufacture	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 manufacture	obj
4	from	from	ADP	_	5 sunlight	case
5	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 manufacture	obl
6	by	by	ADP	_	7 means	case
7	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 manufacture	parataxis
8	of	of	ADP	_	11 pigment	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 pigment	det
10	green	green	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 pigment	amod
11	pigment	pigment	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 means	obl
12	in	in	ADP	_	14 cap	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 cap	det
14	cap	cap	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 pigment	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	manufacture	present	They	food		sunlight			vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: agent=Agent food=Result from sunlight=Material
2	mean	present						of a green pigment in the cap	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

They constitute a separate kingdom and obtain food by absorption

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 constitute	nsubj
2	constitute	constitute	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 kingdom	det
4	separate	separate	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 kingdom	amod
5	kingdom	kingdom	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 constitute	obj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 obtain	cc
7	obtain	obtain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 constitute	conj
8	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 obtain	obj
9	by	by	ADP	_	10 absorption	case
10	absorption	absorption	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 obtain	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	constitute	present	They	a separate kingdom					vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme kingdom=Pivot
2	obtain	present	They not said here	food				by absorption	vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset food=Theme

Option 4

They are green plants deficient in leaves

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 deficient	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 deficient	cop
3	green	green	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 plants	amod
4	plants	plant	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 deficient	nsubj
5	deficient	deficient	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	in	in	ADP	_	7 leaves	case
7	leaves	leaf	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 deficient	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	They			leaves		deficient property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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