Exam question 1 · Staying healthy: germs, vaccines, sleep, food and exercise

Identify the principal reason for which antibiotic medicines are ineffective against the common cold.

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, antibiotic medicines · What happens: identify, be · To what, where: principal reason

This is exam question 1 of lesson 72 «Staying healthy: germs, vaccines, sleep, food and exercise» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 reason	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	amod
4	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	for	for	ADP	_	6 which	case
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 ineffective	obl
7	antibiotic	antibiotic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 medicines	amod
8	medicines	medicine	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 ineffective	nsubj
9	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 ineffective	cop
10	ineffective	ineffective	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	acl
11	against	against	ADP	_	14 cold	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 cold	det
13	common	common	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 cold	amod
14	cold	cold	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 ineffective	obl
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal reason					vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme
2	is	present	antibiotic medicines					for the principal reason; against the common cold; ineffective property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The common cold is caused by exposure to cold air rather than by any germ

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 cold	det
2	common	common	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 cold	amod
3	cold	cold	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 caused	nsubj:pass
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 caused	aux:pass
5	caused	cause	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	by	by	ADP	_	7 exposure	case
7	exposure	exposure	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 caused	obl:agent
8	to	to	ADP	_	10 air	case
9	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 air	amod
10	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 caused	obl
11	rather	rather	ADV	ExtPos=CCONJ	5 caused	advmod
12	than	than	ADP	_	11 rather	fixed
13	by	by	ADP	_	15 germ	case
14	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	15 germ	det
15	germ	germ	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 caused	obl:agent

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cause	present · passive	exposure	the common cold				to cold air	vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient

Option 2

The common cold is caused by bacteria too resistant for any medicine

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 cold	det
2	common	common	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 cold	amod
3	cold	cold	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 caused	nsubj:pass
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 caused	aux:pass
5	caused	cause	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	by	by	ADP	_	7 bacteria	case
7	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 caused	obl:agent
8	too	too	ADV	_	9 resistant	advmod
9	resistant	resistant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 caused	xcomp
10	for	for	ADP	_	12 medicine	case
11	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	12 medicine	det
12	medicine	medicine	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 caused	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cause	present · passive	bacteria	the common cold				for any medicine; resistant property	vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The common cold is caused by viruses, whereas antibiotics act upon bacteria

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 cold	det
2	common	common	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 cold	amod
3	cold	cold	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 caused	nsubj:pass
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 caused	aux:pass
5	caused	cause	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	by	by	ADP	_	7 viruses	case
7	viruses	virus	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 caused	obl
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 act	punct
9	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	_	11 act	mark
10	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 act	nsubj
11	act	act	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 caused	conj
12	upon	upon	ADP	_	13 bacteria	case
13	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 act	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cause	present · passive	viruses	the common cold					vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient
2	act	present	antibiotics					upon bacteria	vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4

Antibiotics are effective only at elevated temperatures

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 effective	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 effective	cop
3	effective	effective	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	only	only	ADV	_	7 temperatures	advmod
5	at	at	ADP	_	7 temperatures	case
6	elevated	elevate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 temperatures	amod
7	temperatures	temperature	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 effective	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Antibiotics			elevated temperatures		effective property	tree rules
2	elevate	participle							vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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