Exam question 4 · The ape house: orangutans, gibbons, bonobos and how apes t…

Determine what is demonstrated by an animal that, upon seeing a mark on its face in a mirror, touches that mark upon its own body.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, animal, touches · What happens: determine, demonstrate, see, mark · To what, where: mark, face, own body

This is exam question 4 of lesson 85 «The ape house: orangutans, gibbons, bonobos and how apes think» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Determine	determine	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	4 demonstrated	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 demonstrated	aux:pass
4	demonstrated	demonstrate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	1 Determine	ccomp
5	by	by	ADP	_	7 animal	case
6	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 animal	det
7	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 demonstrated	obl:agent
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 seeing	nsubj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 that	punct
10	upon	upon	SCONJ	_	11 seeing	mark
11	seeing	see	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	7 animal	acl:relcl
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 mark	det
13	mark	mark	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 seeing	obj
14	on	on	ADP	_	16 face	case
15	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	16 face	nmod:poss
16	face	face	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 seeing	obl
17	in	in	ADP	_	19 mirror	case
18	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	19 mirror	det
19	mirror	mirror	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 seeing	obl
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	21 touches	punct
21	touches	touch	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 mirror	conj
22	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	23 mark	nsubj
23	mark	mark	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	21 touches	acl:relcl
24	upon	upon	ADP	_	27 body	case
25	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	27 body	nmod:poss
26	own	own	ADJ	Degree=Pos	27 body	amod
27	body	body	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 mark	obl
28	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Determine	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	determine	imperative	you not said here				vn discover-84 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	demonstrate	present · passive	a animal				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot subject=Topic
3	see	gerund	a animal	a mark	mark's face	in a mirror and touches	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer mark=Stimulus
4	mark	present	touches		mark's own body		vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: agent=Agent upon body=Destination

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

That it believes the reflection to be another animal

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	That	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	3 believes	nsubj
2	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 believes	nsubj
3	believes	believe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 reflection	det
5	reflection	reflection	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 believes	obj
6	to	to	PART	_	9 animal	mark
7	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	9 animal	cop
8	another	another	DET	PronType=Ind	9 animal	det
9	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 reflection	acl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	believe	present	That	the reflection					vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer reflection=Stimulus
2	is a	to-infinitive	That not said here	another animal					tree rules

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

That it apprehends the reflection to be itself

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	That	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	3 apprehends	nsubj
2	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 apprehends	nsubj
3	apprehends	apprehend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 reflection	det
5	reflection	reflection	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 apprehends	obj
6	to	to	PART	_	8 itself	mark
7	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	8 itself	cop
8	itself	itself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	3 apprehends	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	apprehend	present	That	the reflection					vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer reflection=Stimulus
2	is a	to-infinitive		reflection					tree rules

Option 3

That it wishes to remove the mirror

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	That	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	3 wishes	nsubj
2	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 wishes	nsubj
3	wishes	wish	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	5 remove	mark
5	remove	remove	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 wishes	xcomp
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 mirror	det
7	mirror	mirror	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 remove	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	wish	present	That						vn wish-62 «NP V for NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme
2	remove not said to happen	to-infinitive	That not said here	the mirror					vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mirror=Theme

Option 4

That it is incapable of perceiving colour

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	That	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	4 incapable	nsubj
2	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 incapable	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 incapable	cop
4	incapable	incapable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	of	of	SCONJ	_	6 perceiving	mark
6	perceiving	perceive	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 incapable	advcl
7	colour	colour	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 perceiving	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	That					incapable property	tree rules
2	perceive	gerund	That not said here	colour					vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer colour=Stimulus

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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