Exam question 2 · The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the rays

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the relationship between sharks and rays?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: relationship

This is exam question 2 of lesson 91 «The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the rays» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 relationship	det
10	relationship	relationship	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	between	between	ADP	_	12 sharks	case
12	sharks	shark	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 relationship	nmod
13	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 rays	cc
14	rays	ray	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 sharks	conj
15	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the relationship				of the following statements; between sharks and rays; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Rays are juvenile sharks which have not yet attained their adult form and fins

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Rays	ray	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 sharks	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 sharks	cop
3	juvenile	juvenile	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 sharks	compound
4	sharks	shark	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
5	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 attained	nsubj:pass
6	have	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 attained	aux
7	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	9 attained	advmod
8	yet	yet	ADV	_	9 attained	advmod
9	attained	attain	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 sharks	acl:relcl
10	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	12 form	nmod:poss
11	adult	adult	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 form	amod
12	form	form	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 attained	obj
13	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 fins	cc
14	fins	fin	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 form	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	roles by
1	is a	present	Rays	juvenile sharks		tree rules
2	not attain	present · perfect · passive		juvenile sharks	yet	vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: subject=Beneficiary form=Theme
3	form		Rays = ray			nom form «communication transitive»: poss=agent

Option 2

Rays are marine mammals resembling sharks

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Rays	ray	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 mammals	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 mammals	cop
3	marine	marine	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 mammals	amod
4	mammals	mammal	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
5	resembling	resemble	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	4 mammals	acl
6	sharks	shark	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 resembling	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Rays	marine mammals					tree rules
2	resemble	gerund	marine mammals not said here	sharks					tree rules

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Rays are flattened relatives of sharks, both possessing cartilaginous skeletons

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Rays	ray	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 relatives	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 relatives	cop
3	flattened	flatten	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 relatives	amod
4	relatives	relative	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 sharks	case
6	sharks	shark	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 relatives	nmod
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 possessing	punct
8	both	both	DET	PronType=Tot	9 possessing	nsubj
9	possessing	possess	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 relatives	acl
10	cartilaginous	cartilaginous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 skeletons	amod
11	skeletons	skeleton	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 possessing	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	flatten	participle				vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient
2	is a	present	Rays	flattened relatives	of sharks	tree rules
3	possess	gerund	both	cartilaginous skeletons		vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot skeleton=Theme

Option 4

Rays are bony fish unrelated to sharks

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Rays	ray	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 fish	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 fish	cop
3	bony	bony	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 fish	amod
4	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
5	unrelated	unrelated	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 fish	amod
6	to	to	ADP	_	7 sharks	case
7	sharks	shark	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 unrelated	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Rays	bony fish					tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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