Exam question 2 · Greek Myths, The Trojan War, part 61: Hector dies, Achille…

According to the passage, which of the following circumstances led directly to the death of Achilles?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: passage, Achilles · What happens: accord, follow, lead, die

This is exam question 2 of lesson 555 «Greek Myths, The Trojan War, part 61: Hector dies, Achilles drags his body, Penthesilea falls, Achilles dies» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	According	accord	VERB	ExtPos=ADP Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 passage	case
2	to	to	ADP	_	1 According	fixed
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 passage	det
4	passage	passage	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 led	punct
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 led	nsubj
7	of	of	ADP	_	10 circumstances	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 circumstances	det
9	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	10 circumstances	amod
10	circumstances	circumstance	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 led	nsubj
11	led	lead	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 passage	conj
12	directly	directly	ADV	_	11 led	advmod
13	to	to	ADP	_	15 death	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 death	det
15	death	death	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 led	obl
16	of	of	ADP	_	17 Achilles	case
17	Achilles	Achilles	PROPN	Number=Sing	15 death	nmod
18	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 passage	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	accord	gerund			vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent
2	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	lead	past	the passage	to the death of Achilles; directly property	vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to death=Patient
4	die		Achilles		nom death «event intransitive»: of=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

a dart shot by Paris, aided by Phoebus-Apollo, which pierced his heel

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 dart	det
2	dart	dart	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 pierced	nsubj
3	shot	shoot	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 dart	acl
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 Paris	case
5	Paris	Paris	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 shot	obl
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 aided	punct
7	aided	aid	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 dart	acl
8	by	by	ADP	_	11 Apollo	case
9	Phoebus	phoebus	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 Apollo	compound
10	-	-	PUNCT	_	9 Phoebus	punct
11	Apollo	Apollo	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 aided	obl
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 pierced	punct
13	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	14 pierced	nsubj
14	pierced	pierce	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
15	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	16 heel	nmod:poss
16	heel	heel	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 pierced	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	shoot	participle		a dart not said here	by Paris	vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent by paris=Destination
2	aid	participle		a dart not said here	by Phoebus Apollo	vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent
3	pierce	past	a dart	dart's heel		vn poke-19-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heel=Patient

Option 2

a spear hurled by Hector, aided by Ares, which pierced his thigh

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 spear	det
2	spear	spear	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 aided	nsubj:pass
3	hurled	hurl	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 spear	acl
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 Hector	case
5	Hector	hector	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 hurled	obl
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 aided	punct
7	aided	aid	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
8	by	by	ADP	_	9 Ares	case
9	Ares	ar	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 aided	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 pierced	punct
11	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	12 pierced	nsubj
12	pierced	pierce	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 Ares	acl:relcl
13	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	14 thigh	nmod:poss
14	thigh	thigh	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 pierced	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	hurl	participle		a spear not said here	by Hector	vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent by hector=Destination
2	aid	participle · passive	Ares	a spear		vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Beneficiary
3	pierce	past	Ares	his thigh		vn poke-19-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thigh=Patient

Option 3

a poisoned dart shot by Paris from the walls of Troy during the dark night after the funeral games, which pierced his heel while he slept

The tree, 26 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 dart	det
2	poisoned	poison	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 dart	amod
3	dart	dart	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 pierced	nsubj
4	shot	shoot	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 dart	acl
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 Paris	case
6	Paris	Paris	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 shot	obl
7	from	from	ADP	_	9 walls	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 walls	det
9	walls	wall	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 shot	obl
10	of	of	ADP	_	11 Troy	case
11	Troy	Troy	PROPN	Number=Sing	9 walls	nmod
12	during	during	ADP	_	15 night	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 night	det
14	dark	dark	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 night	amod
15	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 shot	obl
16	after	after	ADP	_	19 games	case
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	19 games	det
18	funeral	funeral	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 games	compound
19	games	game	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 night	nmod
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 pierced	punct
21	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	22 pierced	nsubj
22	pierced	pierce	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
23	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	24 heel	nmod:poss
24	heel	heel	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 pierced	obj
25	while	while	SCONJ	_	27 slept	mark
26	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	27 slept	nsubj
27	slept	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	22 pierced	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	poison	participle						vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	shoot	participle		a poisoned dart not said here	the walls of Troy	night	by Paris	vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent by paris=Destination
3	pierce	past	a poisoned dart	dart's heel				vn poke-19-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heel=Patient
4	sleep	past	dart					vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4

an arrow loosed by Teucer, aided by Hera, which struck his chest in battle

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 arrow	det
2	arrow	arrow	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 struck	nsubj
3	loosed	loose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 arrow	acl
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 Teucer	case
5	Teucer	Teucer	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 loosed	obl
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 aided	punct
7	aided	aid	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 arrow	acl
8	by	by	ADP	_	9 Hera	case
9	Hera	Hera	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 aided	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 struck	punct
11	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	12 struck	nsubj
12	struck	strike	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
13	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	14 chest	nmod:poss
14	chest	chest	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 struck	obj
15	in	in	ADP	_	16 battle	case
16	battle	battle	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 struck	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	loose	participle		a arrow not said here		by Teucer	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
2	aid	participle		a arrow not said here		by Hera	vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent
3	strike	past	a arrow	arrow's chest	battle		vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chest=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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