Exam question 1 · Solids, liquids and gases

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the behaviour of a liquid?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: behaviour

This is exam question 1 of lesson 4 «Solids, liquids and gases» of the chemistry course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 behaviour	det
10	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 liquid	case
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 liquid	det
13	liquid	liquid	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 behaviour	nmod
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the behaviour of a liquid				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

It may be compressed into a fraction of its volume

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 compressed	nsubj:pass
2	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 compressed	aux
3	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	4 compressed	aux:pass
4	compressed	compress	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	into	into	ADP	_	7 fraction	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 fraction	det
7	fraction	fraction	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 compressed	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 volume	case
9	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 volume	nmod:poss
10	volume	volume	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 fraction	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	compress	may · passive		It				into a fraction of fraction's volume result	vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP PP.result»: subject=Patient into fraction=Result

Option 2

It retains its own shape irrespective of any container into which it is placed

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 retains	nsubj
2	retains	retain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 shape	nmod:poss
4	own	own	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 shape	amod
5	shape	shape	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 retains	obj
6	irrespective	irrespective	ADV	_	9 container	advmod
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 container	case
8	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	9 container	det
9	container	container	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 retains	obl
10	into	into	ADP	_	11 which	case
11	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	14 placed	obl
12	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 placed	nsubj:pass
13	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 placed	aux:pass
14	placed	place	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 retains	parataxis

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	retain	present	It	its own shape				of any container	tree rules
2	place	present · passive		shape					vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: subject=Theme

Option 3

It expands so as to occupy the entirety of any container

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 expands	nsubj
2	expands	expand	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	so	so	ADV	_	2 expands	advmod
4	as	as	SCONJ	_	6 occupy	mark
5	to	to	PART	_	6 occupy	mark
6	occupy	occupy	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 expands	advcl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 entirety	det
8	entirety	entirety	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 occupy	obj
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 container	case
10	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	11 container	det
11	container	container	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 entirety	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	expand	present	It						vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
2	occupy	to-infinitive		the entirety of any container					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus entirety=Experiencer

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

It assumes the shape of its container whilst retaining a fixed volume

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 assumes	nsubj
2	assumes	assume	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 shape	det
4	shape	shape	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 assumes	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 container	case
6	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	7 container	nmod:poss
7	container	container	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 shape	nmod
8	whilst	whilst	SCONJ	_	9 retaining	mark
9	retaining	retain	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 assumes	advcl
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 volume	det
11	fixed	fix	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 volume	amod
12	volume	volume	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 retaining	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	assume	present	It	the shape of shape's container	vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shape=Theme
2	retain	gerund		a fixed volume	tree rules
3	fix	participle			vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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