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Test 7 · How to learn spellings that stick

«she reads loads, so her spelling should be ace, innit». Why might it not be?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: she, spelling, her · What happens: read, be, innit, spell, not be · To what, where: loads

This is test 7 of lesson 15 «How to learn spellings that stick» of the English course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: «she reads loads, so her spelling should be ace, innit».

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	3 reads	punct
2	she	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 reads	nsubj
3	reads	read	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	loads	load	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 reads	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 ace	punct
6	so	so	ADV	_	11 ace	advmod
7	her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 spelling	nmod:poss
8	spelling	spelling	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 ace	nsubj
9	should	should	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	11 ace	aux
10	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	11 ace	cop
11	ace	ace	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 reads	parataxis
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 innit	punct
13	innit	innit	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	11 ace	discourse
14	»	»	PUNCT	_	11 ace	punct
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 reads	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	read in a quote	present	she	loads					vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Topic
2	is in a quote	should	her spelling					ace property	tree rules
3	innit in a quote	infinitive							tree rules
4	spell in a quote		her = she						nom spelling «communication transitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Why might it not be?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	5 be	advmod
2	might	might	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 be	aux
3	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 be	nsubj
4	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 be	advmod
5	be	be	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 be	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not be	might	spelling						vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

The options

Option 1

Reading always makes spelling perfect

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Reading	read	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 makes	csubj
2	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	3 makes	advmod
3	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	spelling	spelling	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 makes	obj
5	perfect	perfect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 makes	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	read	gerund							vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	make	present	Reading	spelling				always, perfect property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset spelling=Product

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Readers skim; she should study a few words closely

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Readers	reader	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 skim	nsubj
2	skim	skim	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	;	;	PUNCT	_	6 study	punct
4	she	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 study	nsubj
5	should	should	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 study	aux
6	study	study	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 skim	parataxis
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 words	det
8	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 words	amod
9	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 study	obj
10	closely	closely	ADV	_	6 study	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	skim	present	Readers						vn wipe_manner-10.4.1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent
2	study	should	she	a few words				closely property	vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Topic

Option 3

Books make spelling worse

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Books	book	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 make	nsubj
2	make	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	spelling	spelling	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 make	obj
4	worse	bad	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	2 make	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present	Books	spelling				bad property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset spelling=Product

Option 4

She must be reading too fast to understand anything she reads

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	She	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 reading	nsubj
2	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 reading	aux
3	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	4 reading	aux
4	reading	read	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
5	too	too	ADV	_	6 fast	advmod
6	fast	fast	ADV	Degree=Pos	4 reading	advmod
7	to	to	PART	_	8 understand	mark
8	understand	understand	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 reading	advcl
9	anything	anything	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	8 understand	obj
10	she	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 reads	nsubj
11	reads	read	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 anything	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	read	must · progressive	She					fast property	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	understand	to-infinitive	She not said here	anything					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer anything=Stimulus
3	read	present	she						vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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