Test 3 · ★ · Inference: reading between the lines
«inference = guessing, so any answer's fine, yeah?» What's true?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: inference, answer · What happens: guess, be
This is test 3 · ★ of lesson 18 «Inference: reading between the lines» of the English course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: «inference = guessing, so any answer's fine, yeah?»
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | « | « | PUNCT | _ | 4 guessing | punct |
| 2 | inference | inference | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 guessing | nsubj |
| 3 | = | = | SYM | _ | 4 guessing | punct |
| 4 | guessing | guess | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 fine | punct |
| 6 | so | so | ADV | _ | 10 fine | advmod |
| 7 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 8 answer | det |
| 8 | answer | answer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 fine | nsubj |
| 9 | 's | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 fine | cop |
| 10 | fine | fine | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 guessing | ccomp |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 yeah | punct |
| 12 | yeah | yeah | INTJ | _ | 10 fine | discourse |
| 13 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 4 guessing | punct |
| 14 | » | » | PUNCT | _ | 4 guessing | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | guess in a quote | gerund | inference | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | is in a quote | present | any answer | fine property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: What's true?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 3 true | nsubj |
| 2 | 's | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 true | cop |
| 3 | true | true | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 4 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 3 true | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | true property | tree rules |
The options
Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer
No, inference is reasoning from clues in the text
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | No | no | INTJ | Polarity=Neg | 5 reasoning | discourse |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 No | punct |
| 3 | inference | inference | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 reasoning | nsubj |
| 4 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 reasoning | aux |
| 5 | reasoning | reason | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 6 | from | from | ADP | _ | 7 clues | case |
| 7 | clues | clue | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 reasoning | obl |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 text | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 text | det |
| 10 | text | text | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 reasoning | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | reason | present · progressive | inference | clues | in the text | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent from clue=Source |
Option 2
No, inference is copying the words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | No | no | INTJ | Polarity=Neg | 5 copying | discourse |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 No | punct |
| 3 | inference | inference | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 copying | nsubj |
| 4 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 copying | aux |
| 5 | copying | copy | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 words | det |
| 7 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 copying | obj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | copy | present · progressive | inference | the words | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Theme |
Option 3
Yes, inference is just guessing
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yes | yes | INTJ | Polarity=Pos | 6 guessing | discourse |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Yes | punct |
| 3 | inference | inference | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 guessing | nsubj |
| 4 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 guessing | aux |
| 5 | just | just | ADV | _ | 6 guessing | advmod |
| 6 | guessing | guess | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | guess | present · progressive | inference | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
Option 4
Yes, any answer gets the marks in an inference question as long as it is long
The tree, 16 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yes | yes | INTJ | Polarity=Pos | 5 gets | discourse |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Yes | punct |
| 3 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 4 answer | det |
| 4 | answer | answer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 gets | nsubj |
| 5 | gets | get | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 marks | det |
| 7 | marks | mark | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 gets | obj |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 11 question | case |
| 9 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 question | det |
| 10 | inference | inference | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 question | compound |
| 11 | question | question | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 gets | obl |
| 12 | as | as | ADV | _ | 13 long | advmod |
| 13 | long | long | ADV | Degree=Pos | 5 gets | advmod |
| 14 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 17 long | mark |
| 15 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 17 long | nsubj |
| 16 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 long | cop |
| 17 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 long | advcl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | get | present | any answer | the marks | a inference question | long property | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer mark=Stimulus | ||
| 2 | is | present | answer | long property | tree rules |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/english/18-inference-reading-between-the-lines/t3/