Test 4 · ★ · Inference: reading between the lines
★★ «Ella grinned and hugged the envelope. Then she ran to tell her mum.» What was probably in the envelope?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: ★ · What happens: grin, hug, run, tell, be · To what, where: envelope, mum · Speech: someone speaks here
This is test 4 · ★ of lesson 18 «Inference: reading between the lines» of the English course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: ★★ «Ella grinned and hugged the envelope.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ★ | ★ | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 grinned | nsubj |
| 2 | ★ | ★ | X | Foreign=Yes | 1 ★ | dep |
| 3 | « | « | PUNCT | _ | 5 grinned | punct |
| 4 | Ella | Ella | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 grinned | nsubj |
| 5 | grinned | grin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 hugged | cc |
| 7 | hugged | hug | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 grinned | conj |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 envelope | det |
| 9 | envelope | envelope | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 hugged | obj |
| 10 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 grinned | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | grin in a quote | past | ★ | vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | hug in a quote | past | ★ not said here | the envelope | vn marry-36.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent envelope=Co-Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: Then she ran to tell her mum.»
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 3 ran | advmod |
| 2 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 ran | nsubj |
| 3 | ran | run | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | to | to | PART | _ | 5 tell | mark |
| 5 | tell | tell | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 ran | xcomp |
| 6 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 7 mum | nmod:poss |
| 7 | mum | mum | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 tell | obj |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 ran | punct |
| 9 | » | » | PUNCT | _ | 3 ran | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | run | past | ★ | then | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | ||||
| 2 | tell speech: assert | to-infinitive | ★ not said here | ★'s mum | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent mum=Recipient |
Sentence 3: What was probably in the envelope?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 6 envelope | nsubj |
| 2 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 envelope | cop |
| 3 | probably | probably | ADV | _ | 6 envelope | advmod |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 envelope | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 envelope | det |
| 6 | envelope | envelope | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 7 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 6 envelope | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | the envelope | probably property | tree rules |
The options
Option 1 · ← Mova's choice
A bill for the gas
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 bill | det |
| 2 | bill | bill | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 3 | for | for | ADP | _ | 5 gas | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 gas | det |
| 5 | gas | gas | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 bill | nmod |
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Option 2
Bad news from school that she wanted to hide from everyone
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bad | bad | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 news | amod |
| 2 | news | news | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 wanted | nsubj |
| 3 | from | from | ADP | _ | 4 school | case |
| 4 | school | school | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 news | nmod |
| 5 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 7 wanted | mark |
| 6 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 wanted | nsubj |
| 7 | wanted | want | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | to | to | PART | _ | 9 hide | mark |
| 9 | hide | hide | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 wanted | xcomp |
| 10 | from | from | ADP | _ | 11 everyone | case |
| 11 | everyone | everyone | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Tot | 9 hide | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | want | past | Bad news from school | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme | |||||
| 2 | hide not said to happen | to-infinitive | Bad news from school not said here | everyone | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent from everyone=Beneficiary |
Option 3 · ✓ the right answer
Good news
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Good | good | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 news | amod |
| 2 | news | news | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Option 4
Nothing at all
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nothing | nothing | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Neg | root | root |
| 2 | at | at | ADP | _ | 3 all | case |
| 3 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 1 Nothing | nmod |
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/english/18-inference-reading-between-the-lines/t4/