Test 5 · ★ · Inference: reading between the lines ★★ «Dad looked at the clock again and sighed. The pizza was going cold.» Which is the best inference?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: ★, pizza · What happens: look, sigh, go, be · To what, where: best inference
This is test 5 · ★ of lesson 18 «Inference: reading between the lines» of the English course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school .
The question Sentence 1: ★★ «Dad looked at the clock again and sighed.
nsubj dep punct nsubj case det obl advmod cc conj punct root ★ PROPN ★ X « PUNCT Dad PROPN looked VERB at ADP the DET clock NOUN again ADV and CCONJ sighed VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ★ ★ PROPN Number=Sing 5 looked nsubj 2 ★ ★ X Foreign=Yes 1 ★ dep 3 « « PUNCT _ 5 looked punct 4 Dad Dad PROPN Number=Sing 5 looked nsubj 5 looked look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 at at ADP _ 8 clock case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 clock det 8 clock clock NOUN Number=Sing 5 looked obl 9 again again ADV _ 5 looked advmod 10 and and CCONJ _ 11 sighed cc 11 sighed sigh VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 looked conj 12 . . PUNCT _ 5 looked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look in a quote past ★ again at the clock vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at clock=Theme 2 sigh in a quote past ★ not said here vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: The pizza was going cold.»
det nsubj aux xcomp punct punct root The DET pizza NOUN was AUX going VERB cold ADJ . PUNCT » PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 pizza det 2 pizza pizza NOUN Number=Sing 4 going nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 going aux 4 going go VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 cold cold ADJ Degree=Pos 4 going xcomp 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 going punct 7 » » PUNCT _ 4 going punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go past · progressive the pizza cold property vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Sentence 3: Which is the best inference?
nsubj cop det amod punct root Which PRON is AUX the DET best ADJ inference NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Which which PRON PronType=Rel 5 inference nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 inference cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 inference det 4 best good ADJ Degree=Sup 5 inference amod 5 inference inference NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 ? ? PUNCT _ 5 inference punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the best inference tree rules
The options Option 1 · ← Mova's choice Dad is asleep at the table
nsubj cop case det obl root Dad NOUN is AUX asleep ADJ at ADP the DET table NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 3 asleep nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 asleep cop 3 asleep asleep ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 at at ADP _ 6 table case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 table det 6 table table NOUN Number=Sing 3 asleep obl
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Dad the table asleep property tree rules
Option 2 Dad has broken the clock and is upset
nsubj:pass aux det obj cc cop conj root Dad NOUN has AUX broken VERB the DET clock NOUN and CCONJ is AUX upset ADJ The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 3 broken nsubj:pass 2 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 broken aux 3 broken break VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 clock det 5 clock clock NOUN Number=Sing 3 broken obj 6 and and CCONJ _ 8 upset cc 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 upset cop 8 upset upset ADJ Degree=Pos 3 broken conj
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 break present · perfect · passive Dad vn break-45.1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Patient clock=Result 2 is present upset property tree rules
Option 3 Dad is happy that the pizza is cooling down nicely
nsubj cop mark det nsubj aux advcl compound:prt advmod root Dad NOUN is AUX happy ADJ that SCONJ the DET pizza NOUN is AUX cooling VERB down ADP nicely ADV The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 3 happy nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 happy cop 3 happy happy ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 that that SCONJ _ 8 cooling mark 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 pizza det 6 pizza pizza NOUN Number=Sing 8 cooling nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 cooling aux 8 cooling cool VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 happy advcl 9 down down ADP _ 8 cooling compound:prt 10 nicely nicely ADV _ 8 cooling advmod
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Dad happy property tree rules 2 cool down present · progressive the pizza nicely property vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Option 4 · ✓ the right answer Someone is late for tea and Dad is fed up waiting
nsubj cop case obl cc nsubj:pass aux:pass conj compound:prt parataxis root Someone PRON is AUX late ADJ for ADP tea NOUN and CCONJ Dad NOUN is AUX fed VERB up ADP waiting VERB The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 3 late nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 late cop 3 late late ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 for for ADP _ 5 tea case 5 tea tea NOUN Number=Sing 3 late obl 6 and and CCONJ _ 9 fed cc 7 Dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 9 fed nsubj:pass 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 fed aux:pass 9 fed feed VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 late conj 10 up up ADP _ 9 fed compound:prt 11 waiting wait VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 late parataxis
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Someone for tea; late property tree rules 2 feed up present · passive Dad vn feeding-39.7 «NP V NP»: subject=Recipient 3 wait gerund vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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