Test 4 · ★★ · Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e

What would happen if we stopped doubling: «hoping» for both hope and hop?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: we · What happens: happen, stop, double, hope

This is test 4 · ★★ of lesson 7 «Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e» of the English course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 happen	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 happen	aux
3	happen	happen	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	if	if	SCONJ	_	6 stopped	mark
5	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	6 stopped	nsubj
6	stopped	stop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 happen	advcl
7	doubling	double	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 stopped	xcomp
8	:	:	PUNCT	_	10 hoping	punct
9	«	«	PUNCT	_	10 hoping	punct
10	hoping	hope	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 doubling	conj
11	»	»	PUNCT	_	10 hoping	punct
12	for	for	ADP	_	14 hope	case
13	both	both	DET	PronType=Tot	14 hope	det
14	hope	hope	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 hoping	obl
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 hop	cc
16	hop	hop	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 hope	conj
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 happen	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	happen	would			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	stop a condition, not said to happen	past	we		vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality
3	double	gerund	we not said here		vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
4	hope in a quote	gerund	we not said here	for both hope and hop	vn long-32.2 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Pivot for hope=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Every word would get shorter and clearer

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	2 word	det
2	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 get	nsubj
3	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 get	aux
4	get	get	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	shorter	short	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	4 get	xcomp
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 clearer	cc
7	clearer	clear	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	5 shorter	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	get	would	every word					short property	vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer

Option 2

The words would sound different but look the same

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 words	det
2	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 sound	nsubj
3	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 sound	aux
4	sound	sound	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	different	different	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 sound	xcomp
6	but	but	CCONJ	_	7 look	cc
7	look	look	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 sound	conj
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 same	det
9	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 look	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sound	would	the words					different property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
2	look	present	the words not said here	the same					vn seem-109-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme same=Attribute

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Readers could not tell hoping from hopping

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Readers	reader	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 tell	nsubj
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 tell	aux
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 tell	advmod
4	tell	tell	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	hoping	hope	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	4 tell	ccomp
6	from	from	SCONJ	_	7 hopping	mark
7	hopping	hop	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	5 hoping	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	roles by
1	not tell speech: assert	could	Readers	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	hope	gerund		vn long-32.2 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Pivot
3	hop	gerund		vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4

Nothing, readers would always know

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	root	root
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Nothing	punct
3	readers	reader	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 know	nsubj
4	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 know	aux
5	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	6 know	advmod
6	know	know	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	1 Nothing	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	know	would	readers					always property	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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