Exam question 3 · How to say stop

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the efficacy of a refusal voiced by several bystanders.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern, voice · To what, where: response, efficacy, refusal

This is exam question 3 of lesson 388 «How to say stop» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 efficacy	det
11	efficacy	efficacy	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 refusal	case
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 refusal	det
14	refusal	refusal	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 efficacy	nmod
15	voiced	voice	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	14 refusal	acl
16	by	by	ADP	_	18 bystanders	case
17	several	several	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 bystanders	amod
18	bystanders	bystander	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 voiced	obl
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the efficacy of a refusal		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus efficacy=Experiencer
4	voice speech: other	participle		a refusal not said here	by several bystanders	vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Bystanders ought to refrain from any involvement whatsoever

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bystanders	bystander	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 refrain	nsubj
2	ought	ought	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 refrain	aux
3	to	to	PART	_	4 refrain	mark
4	refrain	refrain	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	from	from	ADP	_	7 involvement	case
6	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	7 involvement	det
7	involvement	involvement	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 refrain	obl
8	whatsoever	whatsoever	ADV	_	4 refrain	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	refrain	ought	Bystanders			any involvement		whatsoever property	vn refrain-69 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent from involvement=Eventuality

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

A refusal repeated by companions is more likely to be heeded

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 refusal	det
2	refusal	refusal	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 likely	nsubj
3	repeated	repeat	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 refusal	acl
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 companions	case
5	companions	companion	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 repeated	obl
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 likely	cop
7	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	8 likely	advmod
8	likely	likely	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
9	to	to	PART	_	11 heeded	mark
10	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	11 heeded	aux:pass
11	heeded	heed	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 likely	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	repeat	participle		a refusal not said here	by companions	vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
2	is	present	a refusal		likely property	tree rules
3	heed	to-infinitive · passive	a refusal not said here			vn abide_by-93.2 «NP V NP»

Option 3

A refusal is effective only when accompanied by force

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 refusal	det
2	refusal	refusal	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 effective	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 effective	cop
4	effective	effective	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	only	only	ADV	_	7 accompanied	advmod
6	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	7 accompanied	advmod
7	accompanied	accompany	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 effective	advcl
8	by	by	ADP	_	9 force	case
9	force	force	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 accompanied	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	a refusal					effective property	tree rules
2	accompany	participle	a refusal not said here					by force	vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent by force=Destination

Option 4

A refusal is weakened by the participation of others

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 refusal	det
2	refusal	refusal	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 weakened	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 weakened	aux:pass
4	weakened	weaken	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	7 participation	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 participation	det
7	participation	participation	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 weakened	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 others	case
9	others	other	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 participation	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	weaken	present · passive	the participation of others	a refusal					vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient
2	participate		others						nom participation «act intransitive»: of=agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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